Деякі особливості правовідносин у сфері реалізації прав і свобод громадян в публічному управлінні

У статті проведено аналіз теоретичних засад поняття фінансово-правової відповідальності та її складового елементу - фінансово-правової санкції. Автор досліджує наукові думки щодо понять «фінансово-правові санкції», «економічні санкції», «штрафні санкції», «штраф», «пеня» тощо; розглядає функції фінансово-правових санкцій з урахування засад загальної теорії права та фінансового права, зокрема, та виокремлює найхарактерніші ознаки фінансово-правової санкції. Ключові слова: фінансово-правова відповідальність, фінансово-правова санкція, ознаки фінансово-правової санкції.В статье проведен анализ теоретических основ понятия финансово-правовой ответственности и ее составляющего элемента - финансово-правовой санкции. Автор исследует существующие научные взгляды на понятия «финансово-правовая санкция», «экономическая санкция», «штрафная санкция», «штраф» и т.д.; рассматривает функции финансово-правовых санкций с позиций общей теории права и финансового права, в частности, и выделяет наиболее характерные признаки финансово-правовой санкции. Ключевые слова: финансово-правовая ответственность, финансово-правовая санкция, признаки финансово-правовой санкции.This article deals with the analysis of theoretical background of the notion in the sphere of both financial and law responsibility and its structural element - the financial and law sanction. The author researches the real scientific ideas as to the notions «financial and law sanction», «fine». The author also analyses the functions of financial and law sanctions including as the basement of common law theory so as financial law in particular. His special task is to analyses the most characteristic determinants of financial and law sanction. Key words: financial and law responsibility; financial and law sanction; signs of financial and law sanction

Deconjugation Kinetics of Glucuronidated Phase II Flavonoid Metabolites by B-glucuronidase from Neutrophils

Flavonoids are inactivated by phase II metabolism and occur in the body as glucuronides. Mammalian ß-glucuronidase released from neutrophils at inflammatory sites may be able to deconjugate and thus activate flavonoid glucuronides. We have studied deconjugation kinetics and pH optimum for four sources of ß-glucuronidase (human neutrophil, human recombinant, myeloid PLB-985 cells, Helix pomatia) with five flavonoid glucuronides (quercetin-3-glucuronide, quercetin-3'-glucuronide, quercetin-4'-glucuronide, quercetin-7-glucuronide, 3'-methylquercetin-3-glucuronide), 4-methylumbelliferyl-ß-D-glucuronide, and para-nitrophenol-glucuronide. All substrate-enzyme combinations tested exhibited first order kinetics. The optimum pH for hydrolysis was between 3.5-5, with appreciable hydrolysis activities up to pH 5.5. At pH 4, the Km ranged 44-fold from 22 µM for quercetin-4'-glucuronide with Helix pomatia ß-glucuronidase, to 981 µM for para-nitrophenol-glucuronide with recombinant ß-glucuronidase. Vmax (range: 0.735-24.012 µmol·min-1·unit-1 [1 unit is defined as the release of 1 µM 4-methylumbelliferyl-ß-D-glucuronide per min]) and the reaction rate constants at low substrate concentrations (k) (range: 0.002-0.062 min-1·(unit/L)-1 were similar for all substrates-enzyme combinations tested. In conclusion, we show that ß-glucuronidase from four different sources, including human neutrophils, is able to deconjugate flavonoid glucuronides and non-flavonoid substrates at fairly similar kinetic rates. At inflammatory sites in vivo the pH, neutrophil and flavonoid glucuronide concentrations seem favorable for deconjugation. However, it remains to be confirmed whether this is actually the case

Complete genome sequence and taxonomic position of anguillid herpesvirus 1

Eel herpesvirus or anguillid herpesvirus 1 (AngHV1) frequently causes disease in freshwater eels. The complete genome sequence of AngHV1 and its taxonomic position within the family Alloherpesviridae were determined. Shotgun sequencing revealed a 249 kbp genome including an 11 kbp terminal direct repeat that contains 7 of the 136 predicted protein-coding open reading frames. Twelve of these genes are conserved among other members of the family Alloherpesviridae and another 28 genes have clear homologues in cyprinid herpesvirus 3. Phylogenetic analyses based on amino acid sequences of five conserved genes, including the ATPase subunit of the terminase, confirm the position of AngHV1 within the family Alloherpesviridae, where it is most closely related to the cyprinid herpesviruses. Our analyses support a recent proposal to subdivide the family Alloherpesviridae into two sister clades, one containing AngHV1 and the cyprinid herpesviruses and the other containing Ictalurid herpesvirus 1 and the ranid herpesviruses

Tocotrienols inhibit human glutathione S-transferase P1-1

Tocotrienols inhibit human glutathione S-transferase P1-1. van Haaften RI, Haenen GR, Evelo CT, Bast A. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiteit Maastricht, The Netherlands. [email protected] Tocopherols and tocotrienols are food ingredients that are believed to have a positive effect on health. The most studied property of both groups of compounds is their antioxidant action. Previously, we found that tocopherols and diverse tocopherol derivatives can inhibit the activity of human glutathione S-transferase P1-1 (GST P1-1). In this study we found that GST P1-1 is also inhibited, in a concentration-dependent manner, by alpha- and gamma-tocotrienol. The concentration giving 50% inhibition of GST P1-1 is 1.8 +/- 0.1 microM for alpha-tocotrienol and 0.7 +/- 0.1 microM for gamma-tocotrienol. This inhibition of GST P1-1 is noncompetitive with respect to both substrates CDNB and GSH. We also examined the 3D structure of GST P1-1 for a possible tocopherol/tocotrienol binding site. The enzyme contains a very hydrophobic pit-like structure where the phytyl tail of tocopherols and tocotrienols could fit in. Binding of tocopherol and tocotrienol to this hydrophobic region might lead to bending of the 3D structure. In this way tocopherols and tocotrienols can inhibit the activity of the enzyme; this inhibition can have far-reaching implications for human

Altered antioxidant status in peripheral skeletal muscle of patients with COPD

AbstractDespite the growing field of interest in the role of pulmonary oxidative stress in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), barely any data are available with respect to antioxidant capacity in the peripheral musculature of these patients. The main objective of this study was to assess in detail the antioxidant status in skeletal muscle of patients with COPD. Biopsies from the vastus lateralis of 21 patients with COPD and 12 healthy age-matched controls were analysed. Total antioxidant capacity, vitamin E, glutathione, and uric acid levels were determined and the enzyme activities of superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione-S-transferase were measured. Malondialdehyde was measured as an index of lipid peroxidation. The total antioxidant capacity and the uric acid levels were markedly higher in COPD patients than in healthy controls (25%, P=0.006 and 24%, P=0.029, respectively). Glutathione-S-transferase activity was also increased (35%; P=0.044) in patients compared to healthy subjects. Vitamin E level was lower in patients than in controls (P<0.05). The malondialdehyde level was not different between the two groups. It can be concluded that the muscle total antioxidant capacity is increased in patients with COPD. Together with the reduced vitamin E levels, the increased glutathione-S-transferase activity and normal levels of lipid peroxidation products, these findings suggest that the antioxidant system may be exposed to and subsequently triggered by elevated levels of reactive oxygen species