The most important causes of non-adherence in patients on dialysis

Renal failure is commonly and chronic disease. Dialysis is routine treatment for these patients. Adherence to treatment status is one of the problems of patient on dialysis. The aim at this study is determining of most important causes of non-adherence in patients on dialysis according to previous studies in Iran.At first all of the studies related to our title by using some keywords(dialysis, hemodialysis, adherence, and non-adherence) searched for Iranian databases; iranmedex, magiran, SID, Iran doc, google, google scholar. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were: 1. Publish articles related to adherence or non-adherence in Iran. 2. Articles were Persian (published in Iran). 3. Types of articles were original. 4. All the articles were free full text and downloadable. As a result, related to inclusion and exclusion criteria 13 articles were found and analysises. The most important reasons for non-adherence to treatment were: psychological reasons (often depression), Lack of awareness and attitude of dialysis patients and lack of social support. Treatment for adherence is so important and can very significant role in health improvement in patients on dialysis

Corrigendum to �Reliability of digital photography for assessing lower extremity alignment in individuals with flatfeet and normal feet types� J. Bodyw. Mov. Ther. 21 (2017) 704�710(S1360859216302790)(10.1016/j.jbmt.2016.12.006)

The authors regret that affiliation b was incorrect in the published paper �Reliability of digital photography for assessing lower extremity alignment in individuals with flatfeet and normal feet types� Journal of Bodywork & Movement Therapies 21 (2017) 704�710. This affiliation is correct above. The authors would like to apologize for any inconvenience caused. © 201

Preparation and Instability of Nanocrystalline Cuprous Nitride

Low-dimensional cuprous nitride (Cu3N) was synthesized by nitridation (ammonolysis) of cuprous oxide (Cu2O) nanocrystals using either ammonia (NH3) or urea (H2NCONH2) as the nitrogen source. The resulting nanocrystalline Cu3N spontaneously decomposes to nanocrystalline CuO in the presence of both water and oxygen from air at room temperature. Ammonia was produced in 60% chemical yield during Cu3N decomposition, as measured using the colorimetric indophenol method. Because Cu3N decomposition requires H2O and produces substoichiometric amounts of NH3\u3e, we conclude that this reaction proceeds through a complex stoichiometry that involves the concomitant release of both N2 and NH3. This is a thermodynamically unfavorable outcome, strongly indicating that H2O (and thus NH3 production) facilitate the kinetics of the reaction by lowering the energy barrier for Cu3N decomposition. The three different Cu2O, Cu3N, and CuO nanocrystalline phases were characterized by a combination of optical absorption, powder X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and electronic density of states obtained from electronic structure calculations on the bulk solids. The relative ease of interconversion between these interesting and inexpensive materials bears possible implications for catalytic and optoelectronic applications

A Survey on the Relation between the Rate of Watching and Playing Computer Game and Weight Disorder Regarding first Grade Students in Elementary School in Karaj in 2012

Background: Life style changes have been considered in different ways in urban communities. Apartment housing, lack of physical activities, both parents being employed, entertainment devices relying on monitor display screens being within reach, leads our children to a sedentary life style. Obesity is just one of the side effects of this kind of living while children's confrontation with computer is decreasing to a lower age. There have been lots of surveys related to the duration of time spending on these entertainments with high school students but no research have been carried out on elementary school students in Iran. Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried on a sample of 450 male and female students attending the assessment center to register in the first grade in Karaj city. Results & conclusion: Therefore, in this survey, the average time new comers spent in front of a monitor screen was taken into account .The result showed that some part of child's daily activities was allocated to electronic devices having a monitor screen. Our findings showed that the allocated time for watching TV was 2.6 hours per day, for satellite programs: 0.49 hours per day, for Computer operating: 0.9 hours per day, Computer games: 0.38, and play station: 0.14hours per day and in total they used electronic devices 4.6 hour per day. Moreover, in this study, the BMI of each case has been calculated and the spread rate of weigh disorders was studied. About the weight disorders, we found that 15.8 % of students in this survey were low weight, 69.8 % were in normal ranges, 8.9 % were overweight and 5.4% were obese. In this survey, the relation between weight disorder and the rate of using electronic monitor screens was also studied. however, we couldn’t find any relevance between the two variables, probably the weight disorders must be affected by many other factors. We considered demographic variables as well as other variables which may affect weight disorder

Quadriceps architecture in individuals with patellofemoral pain: A systematic review

Objectives: To identify differences in architectural parameters (size, fiber/pennation angle, fiber length, and echogenicity) of the quadriceps muscle, as a whole or any individual part of it, using imaging techniques in individuals with patellofemoral pain (PFP) compared to contralateral, asymptomatic limb or separate control group. Background: Quadriceps muscles imbalance and weakness were proposed as risk factors for developing PFP. Although the muscle architecture (size, pennation/fiber angle and fiber length) is highly associated with skeletal muscle strength, it is not clear whether atrophy or any changes in architectural parameters of the quadriceps are presented in the PFP patients. Methods: Observational studies in which the total size of the quadriceps or individual parts of it were measured using imaging techniques in the PFP patients were included in this review. Electronic databases (PubMed, SCOPUS, PEDro, CINAHL, WOS, and EMBASE) were searched between January 1990 and December 2019 with no restriction of language. Study selection and data extraction and quality assessment were conducted by two independent reviewers. Results: Five cross-sectional studies were eligible to include in this review. Three out of five included studies that assessed the total size of the quadriceps and reported no significant differences between the PFP and healthy control group. Two out of five of the studies assessed the total size of the quadriceps between the symptomatic and asymptomatic limb of the PFP patients and reported the statistical difference between limbs. Only one study measured the fiber angle of the VMO muscle at the patella. Controversial results were found between studies that assessed the size of individual parts of the quadriceps. Conclusion: Due to the controversial results of the included studies, this systematic review failed to draw a conclusion on the role of quadriceps atrophy in PFP pathology. The limitation in PFP literature considering pennation/fiber angle, echogenicity and fiber length of individual parts of the quadriceps muscle, rises the need for research that focuses on the biomechanical properties of the quadriceps in PFP patients. © 2020 Elsevier Lt