Solid State Bioconversion of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches into Compost by Selected Microbes

The palm oil industry plays a major role in the economic development of several tropical countries. In processing oil palm fruit for oil extraction, palm oil mills produce a considerable amount of solid wastes in the form of fibres, nut shells and empty fruit bunches (EFB). For every 100 tonnes of fresh fruit bunches processed there will be approximately 20 tonnes of nutshells, 7 tonnes of fibres and 26 tonnes of empty bunches discharged from the mill. In order to prevent environmental pollution, disposal of the oil palm wastes needs prudent handling and consideration. The composting process is currently viewed primarily as a waste management method to stabilise organic wastes. Composting is a management system that uses microbial activity to degrade raw organic material. The stabilised end product (compost) is widely used as a soil amendment to improve soil structure and to provide plant nutrients. These beneficial uses of compost can improve healthy plant production, reduce the use of chemical fertilisers and conserve natural resources. The main objective of this study is to develop an alternative technology for the production of compost from oil palm empty fruit bunches (EFB), using a solid state biconversion technique (SSB), by selected microorganisms. SSB is a process whereby an insoluble substrate, with sufficient moisture, but not free water, can be converted to compost by different microorganisms. It is a simple and cost effective way of treating the organic waste, which requires no complex controls. Three efficient cellulolytic cultures Aspergillus niger, Trichoderma reesei and Phanerochaete chrysosporium were used as inoculum in this study. The strains used did not produce any toxic by-products during the bioconversion processes and they were able to utilise lignin and grow on lignocellulosic materials. Shredded and partially dried EFB (280g) were allowed to compost for 8 weeks using ammonium sulfate as a source of nitrogen with the addition of single and mixed culture innoculum of A.niger, T. resie and P.chrysosporium, and compared to the natural process as control. The composting process was carried out in 1 L flasks and the controlling parameters such as moisture content, temperature and aeration were optimised. The investigation showed that due to inoculation, the period of composting was reduced to four weeks compared to normal composting time of 24 - 32 weeks. In addition to this, the quality of the compost was improved and there was greater production of nitrate and ammoniacal nitrogen due to the accelerated decomposition. During four week period, the total carbon degraded to 54% with mixed culture showing a maximum decomposition, followed by P. chrysosporium 53.4%, A. niger 41%, T. reesie 34.6% and control 22.7%. A maximum increase of total nitrogen content of 92.1% was recorded with mixed culture followed by 77.4% with P.chrysosporium, 67.6% with A.niger, 64.7% with T. reesie and 39% with control. The CIN ratio of 47 in EFB compost improved to 11.34 with mixed culture, to between 12.32 - 18.67 with single cultures and to 26. 14 with control. There was a 60% reduction in the CIN ratio over the control. The addition of mixed culture is therefore shown to be more effective than single culture and natural composting (control). The SSB technique was found to be feasible technology with high potential for EFB conversion into compost. The compost prepared by such techniques was rich in nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and humus content. The observations of this study will provide future guidelines for the production of non-hazardous environmental friendly organic fertilisers

Scattering Study of Fermions Due to Double Dirac Delta Potential in Quaternionic Relativistic Quantum Mechanics

Scattering discussion due to Double Dirac Equation in Quaternionic version of relativistic quantum mechanics has been studied in this paper in details. In such a quantum mechanics Dirac equation in presence vector and scalar potential has been considered. Then a Quaternionic double Dirac delta potential comes to our considered system which causes to scatter the particles. Scattering states of the particles have been derived as well as reflected and transmission coefficients are calculated

The Effect of Trigonella foemun-gracum Extract on the Fungi that Isolated from Cleaning Powder (Soap)

تضمنت الدراسة عزل وتشخيص الفطريات من مساحيق التنظيف  في الصابون (مغاسل الموظفين، مغاسل الطلاب). اذا  اظهرت الدراسة عددا من الانواع الفطرية :(Absidia sp,Candidia sp, Aspergillus  sp,Penicillum   sp).وكانت نسبة ظهور الانواع الفطرية في مغاسل الموظفين اعلى من مغاسل الطلاب ,حيث سجل الفطر sp Absidiaنسبة  ظهورة 36.8% وAspergillus niger ,Candidia  21.05%  و % 5.2  Aspergillus flavus %15.7Penicillum sp  في حين المغاسل الطلاب سجل الفطر Aspergillus sp    15.7% والفطر Absidia sp ,Candidia Apergillus terrus  20% وsp  Penicillum sp ,Alternaria   10% وقد اظهرت دراسة التأثير المثبط للمستخلص المائي الحار لنبات الحلبة وبالتراكيز المستعملة  (10،30،20،40)ملغم /مل على بعض الفطريات المعزولة. نسبة تثبيط 100% بالنسبة للفطر sp Absidia  في التراكيز (40،30) ملغم /مل ومعدل قطر المستعمرة الخميرة Candidia albicansبتركيز 30 ملغم /مل كان (1)سم ،اما الفطر Aspergillus  niger  في التراكيز (20،10) ملغم /مل لم يعطي اي مقاومة تجاه   المستخلص.The study  included the isolation and diagnosis of the fungi from the cleaning   powder in the soap(Laundries' staff, Laundries   of student). The study appeared many  of the different kinds of fungi:( Absidia sp,Candidia sp, Aspergillus  sp,Penicillum  sp).                            The  rate of appearance of the type of the fungi  in  Laundries '  staff  is the higher than the  laundries'  of the students.The rate of appearance of the fungi   Absidia is recoded 36.8% and Candidia ,Aspergillus niger  is recoded 21.05% and Aspergillus flavus recoded 5.2 %  , Penicillum sp recoded  15.7% while  in the laundries of students the fungi Aspergillus  niger is recorded 15.7% and the fungi  Absidia ,Candidia, Apergillus terrus is recoded 20%  ,  Penicillum sp ,Alternaria sp is recoded  10%.The study  showed  the influence  of the heating  water  extract  hot watering  extract  the race track in the concentration which is used( 10,20,30, 40) mg /ml on some of fungi. The rate of reduction is appeared 100% of the  fungi Absidia in the concentration (30,40) mg/ml and  the  range of the diameter colony of the yeast Candidia  albicanis in the concentration 30 mg/ml the (1)sanatamtar. While the fungi Aspergillus  niger in the concentration (10,20)mg/ml is not given any resistance toward the extract

The Effect of Trigonella foemun-gracum Extract on the Fungi that Isolated from the Libraries Door

    تضمنت الدراسة عزل وتشخيص الفطريات من ابواب المختبرات (الاحياء المجهرية،االتقنية الاحيائية) في المعهد التقني –بابل للأقسام الطبية.اذ اظهرت الدراسة عددا من الانواع الفطرية : (Absidia sp,Penicillium spp,Candida sp,Aspergillus). وكانت نسبة ظهور الانواع الفطرية في ابواب مختبرات الاحياء المجهرية اعلى من ابواب المختبرات التقنية  الاحيائية ، اذ  سجل الفطر Aspergillus  niger نسبة 36,8% و Absidia ،Penicillium   نسبة 21,05% و Candida sp نسبة 15,7% و Aspergillus  flavus  نسبة 5,2%  في حين ابواب المختبرات التقنية الاحيائية سجل الفطر Aspergillus  terrus  نسبة15,7 وAspergillus  niger’ ,Candida  albicans  Penicillium نسبة 20% وAbsidia  ,Alternaria  نسبة 10%.  وقد اظهرت دراسة التاثير المثبط للمستخلص المائي الحار لنبات الحلبة وبالتراكيز المستعملة (40،30،20،10)  ملغم /مل على بعض الفطريات المعزولة . نسبة تثبيط 100% بالنسبة للفطر Candida albicans  في التراكيز (30،40) ملغم /مل ومعدل قطر المستعمرة الخميرة بتركيز 30% ملغم /مل  كان (1) سم اما الفطر Aspergillus  niger  في التراكيز (20،10) ملغم /مل لم يعط اي مقاومة تجاه المستخلص.The study  included the isolation and diagnosis of the fungi from the door  of the laboratories  (microbology  ,technical biology )in the technical  institute of Babylon from the medical department.  The study appeared many  of the different kinds of fungi: Absidia sp,Candidia sp, Aspergillus  sp,Penicillum  sp. The  rate of appearance of the type of the fungi  in  microbology laboratory  is the higher than the technical biology laboratory other.The rate of appearance of the fungi   Aspergillus niger was 36.8% and Absidia ,Penicililum  was 21.05% , Candida sp  was 15.7 %  , Aspergillus flavus  5.2% while  in the technical biology the fungi Aspergillus  terrus was 15.7% and the fungi  Penicililum sp,Candida  albcans, Apergillus niger was 20%  ,  Absidia sp ,Alternaria sp was  10%.The study  showed  the influence  of the heating  water  extract  hot watering  extract  the race track in the concentration which is used( 10,20,30, 40) mg /ml on some of fungi. The rate of reduction is appeared 100% of the  fungi Candida  albicans  in the concentration (30,40) mg/ml and  the  range of the diameter colony of the yeast Candida  albicans in the concentration 30 mg/ml the (1)sanatamtar. While the fungi Aspergillus  niger in the concentration (10,20)mg/ml is not given any resistance toward the extract.                                               &nbsp

The Effect of Nigella sative Extract on the Fungi that Isolated from Desktop's of the Tables

        تضمنت  الدراسة عزل وتشخيص الفطريات من طاولات سطح المكتب  (غرف  الموظفين، المختبرات الطبية). اذا  اظهرت الدراسة عددا من الانواع الفطرية : ( Alternaria sp ,Absidia sp,Candidia sp,Aspergillus sp,Penicillum   sp).وكانت نسبة ظهور الانواع الفطرية في طاولات سطح المكتب غرف الموظفين اعلى من طاولات سطح المكتب  للمختبرات الطبية ,حيث سجل الفطر sp Candidia نسبة  ظهورة 36.8% وAspergillus niger,Penicillum sp21.05 %  وAbsidia sp  %15.7و%5.2 Aspergillus flavus   في حين طاولات سطح مكتب المختبرات الطبية سجل الفطرAspergillus terrus   15.7% والفطر Absidia sp ,Candidia  Apergillus niger  20% وsp Penicillum sp ,Alternaria   10% . وقد كانت نتائج لكشف  في المواد الفعالة هي (التامين والكلايكوسيد والقلويات والزيوت الطيارة ) نتيجة موجبة وPh 5 .وقد اظهرت دراسة التأثير اقطار منطقة  التثبيط  للمستخلص المائي الحار لنبات الحبة السوداء) حبة البركة) وبالتراكيز المستعملة  (10،30،20،40) ملغم /مل على بعض الفطريات المعزولة. نسبة قطر منطقة التثبيط  100% بالنسبة للفطر sp Penicillum  في التراكيز (40،30) ملغم /مل ومعدل قطر التثبيط  الخميرة Candidia albicansبتركيز 30 ملغم /مل كان (1)ملم  ،اما الفطر Aspergillus  niger   في التراكيز (20،10) ملغم /مل قد اعطى مقاومة تجاه المستخلص هو 2.       The study  included the isolation and diagnosis of the fungi from the Desktop's of the tables  (instructers ,medical laboratories). The study appeared many of the different kinds of fungi:(Absidia sp,Candidia sp, Aspergillus  sp,Penicillum  sp and Alternaria sp) The  rate of appearance of the type of the fungi  in Desktop's of the tables instructers   is the higher than the Desktop's of the tables of the medical laboratories . The rate of appearance of the fungi   Candidia is recoded 36.8% and Penicillum sp,Aspergillus niger  is recoded 21.05% and Aspergillus flavus recoded 5.2 %, Abisidia sp recoded  15.7%.  While  in the Desktop's of the tables medical laboratories  the fungi Aspergillus  terrus is recorded 15.7% and the fungi  Absidia ,Candidia, Apergillus niger is recoded 20% , Penicillum sp ,Alternaria sp is recoded  10%.  The study  showed  the influence  of the hot   water  extract  of   the Nigella sative the concentration which is used(10,20,30, 40) mg /ml on some of fungi.  The rate of reduction is appeared 100% of the  fungi Penicillum sp in the concentration (30,40) mg/ml and  the  range of the diameter colony of the yeast Candidia  albicanis in the concentration 30 mg/ml the (1)cm.  While the fungi Aspergillus  niger in the concentration (10,20)mg/ml is given resistance toward the extract 2

Davydov–Chaban Hamiltonian in presence of time-dependent potential

AbstractIn this article, we have investigated collective effects of atomic nuclei in presence of a time-dependent potential in Davydov–Chaban Hamiltonian. Since such potential has an explicit time-dependency, in order to obtain the wave function of considered system, we should face with time-dependent Schrödinger equation. Obtaining the wave function could be possible using Lewis–Riesenfeld dynamical invariant method. Appropriate dynamical invariant has been constructed after determining the wave functions and values, the wave function will obtain

Development of continuous flow injection analysis method for determination of oxymetazoline and vancomycin hydrochloride in pharmaceutical preparations

ABSTRACT. Continuous flow injection (CFI)-spectrophotometric method has been developed for oxymetazoline (OXY) and vancomycin hydrochloride (VAN) determination in pure and dosage forms. Sulfadimidine drug was used as a safe chromogenic reagent by diazotization coupling with studied drugs to produce sensitive azo dyes with maximal wavelengths of 498 and 441 nm, respectively, for OXY and VAN drugs. The effect of various chemical and physical conditions on the signal response has been studied. Under optimum conditions, Beer’s law was linear over the concentration range of 5–200 and 6–200 µg/mL with limits of detection of 2.19 and 1.79 µg/mL for OXY and VAN, respectively. The CFI systems gave a sample throughput of more than 120 samples per hour for 150 μL injection volume for both drugs. The proposed methods were used for the estimation of microgram quantities of both drugs in their different dosage forms with great effectiveness. The method's validity and applicability were thoroughly investigated and the recoveries values were compared with those of standard pharmacopeia methods. The specified approaches were used without the excipients interfering in pharmaceutical applications.   KEY WORDS: Oxymetazoline hydrochloride, Vancomycin Hydrochloride, Flow injection, spectrophotometry, Pharmaceutical formulations   Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2022, 36(2), 303-313.                                                               DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v36i2.5                                                         &nbsp