619 research outputs found
Eccentricities of Double Neutron Star Binaries
Recent pulsar surveys have increased the number of observed double neutron
stars (DNS) in our galaxy enough so that observable trends in their properties
are starting to emerge. In particular, it has been noted that the majority of
DNS have eccentricities less than 0.3, which are surprisingly low for binaries
that survive a supernova explosion that we believe imparts a significant kick
to the neutron star. To investigate this trend, we generate many different
theoretical distributions of DNS eccentricities using Monte Carlo population
synthesis methods. We determine which eccentricity distributions are most
consistent with the observed sample of DNS binaries. In agreement with
Chaurasia & Bailes (2005), assuming all double neutron stars are equally as
probable to be discovered as binary pulsars, we find that highly eccentric,
coalescing DNS are less likely to be observed because of their accelerated
orbital evolution due to gravitational wave emission and possible early
mergers. Based on our results for coalescing DNS, we also find that models with
vanishingly or moderately small kicks (sigma < about 50 km/s) are inconsistent
with the current observed sample of such DNS. We discuss the implications of
our conclusions for DNS merger rate estimates of interest to ground-based
gravitational-wave interferometers. We find that, although orbital evolution
due to gravitational radiation affects the eccentricity distribution of the
observed sample, the associated upwards correction factor to merger rate
estimates is rather small (typically 10-40%).Comment: 9 pages, 8 figures, accepted by ApJ. Figures reduced and some content
changed, references adde
Reconstitution par arbres de régression du rayonnement visible descendant horaire sur la France continentale, à partir de données in situ et de simulations : Spatialisation et vérification sur des données indépendantes
49 p.La nĂ©cessitĂ© de disposer sur toute la France de sĂ©ries horaires de rayonnement visible descendant a menĂ© Ă une reconstitution en deux Ă©tapes, Ă partir de paramĂštres facilement disponibles : * Une reconstitution en des points oĂč sont disponibles la durĂ©e d'insolation, Ă©ventuellement des rĂ©sultats de simulations Safran et des observations de nature et d'Ă©tendue des couches nuageuses. La mĂ©thode de reconstitution employĂ©e est basĂ©e sur des moyennes d'ensembles d'arbres de rĂ©gression. Cette mĂ©thode permet de prendre en compte les non linĂ©aritĂ©s entre les divers intrants mĂ©tĂ©orologiques. Elle est comparĂ©e avec d'autres ajustements non-linĂ©aires. Les critĂšres de choix entre les divers algorithmes statistiques sont : la qualitĂ© des rĂ©sultats, la rapiditĂ© des apprentissages et la facilitĂ© des maintenances logicielles. On n'a pas rencontrĂ© de contradiction entre ces 3 critĂšres. Des liaisons sont d'abord Ă©tablies entre le rayonnement horaire et les autres paramĂštres mĂ©tĂ©orologiques sur toutes les stations disposant de l'intĂ©gralitĂ© des donnĂ©es nĂ©cessaires. Elles sont d'abord testĂ©es par des mĂ©thodes de cross-validation sur ces mĂȘmes stations, puis appliquĂ©es en tous les points disposant de mesure simultanĂ©es de durĂ©e d'insolation et de nĂ©bulositĂ© (environ un par dĂ©partement). Ces pseudo-observations supplĂ©mentaires viennent complĂ©ter le rĂ©seau d'observations de rayonnement horaire, dont la rĂ©partition spatiale est trĂšs irrĂ©guliĂšre. * La spatialisation Ă l'Ă©chelle de Safran (maille de 8'8km) est alors effectuĂ©e par krigeage ordinaire. La validation de ces traitements a portĂ© sur 11 stations indĂ©pendantes, non gĂ©rĂ©es par MĂ©tĂ©o-France, et sur une pĂ©riode (2004) n'ayant servi Ă aucun rĂ©glage
Internal Combustion Engine
The goal of this project is to modify a Honda GX35 engine to improve its fuel efficiency and maximize its competitiveness in the Shell Eco-marathon competitions. This competition has tight restrictions on the type of fuel used to power the engine, but otherwise has very few rules limiting the type of modifications which may be made. Our primary goals are to maximize volumetric efficiency and maintain an efficient operating temperature. Future work might pursue more advanced technologies such as pseudo-atkinson cycle operation
A New Way to Detect Massive Black Holes in Galaxies: The Stellar Remnants of Tidal Disruption
We point out that the tidal disruption of a giant may leave a luminous
(10^35-10^39 ergs/s), hot (10-100 eV) stellar core. The ``supersoft'' source
detected by Chandra at the center of M31 may be such a core; whether or not it
is, the observations have shown that such a core is detectable, even in the
center of a galaxy. We therefore explore the range of expected observational
signatures and how they may be used to (1) test the hypothesis that the M31
source is a remnant of tidal stripping and (2) discover evidence of black holes
and disruption events in other galaxies.Comment: Four pages with 1 figure. Appeared in ApJL (2001, 551, L37
Modelling the water budget and the riverflows of the Maritsa basin in Bulgaria
International audienceA soil-vegetation-atmosphere transfer model coupled with a macroscale distributed hydrological model was used in order to simulate the water cycle for a large region in Bulgaria. To do so, an atmospheric forcing was built for two hydrological years (1 October 1995 to 30 September 1997), at an eight km resolution. It was based on the data available at the National Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology (NIMH) of Bulgaria. Atmospheric parameters were carefully checked and interpolated with a high level of detail in space and time (3-h step). Comparing computed Penman evapotranspiration versus observed pan evaporation validated the quality of the implemented forcing. The impact of the human activities on the rivers (especially hydropower or irrigation) was taken into account. Some improvements of the hydrometeorological model were made: for better simulation of summer riverflow, two additional reservoirs were added to simulate the slow component of the runoff. Those reservoirs were calibrated using the observed data of the 1st year, while the 2nd year was used for validation. 56 hydrologic stations and 12 dams were used for the model calibration while 41 rivergages were used for the validation of the model. The results compare well with the daily-observed discharges, with good results obtained over more than 25% of the rivergages. The simulated snow depth was compared to daily measurements at 174 stations and the evolution of the snow water equivalent was validated at 5 sites. The process of melting and refreezing of snow was found to be important on this region. The comparison of the normalized values of simulated versus measured soil moisture showed good correlation. The surface water budget shows large spatial variations due to the elevation influence on the precipitations, soil properties and vegetation variability. An inter annual difference was observed in the water cycle as the first year was more influenced by Mediterranean climate, while the second year was characterised by continental influence. Energy budget shows a dominating sensible heat component in summer, due to the fact that the water stress limits the evaporation. This study is a first step for the implementation of an operational hydrometeorological model that could be used for real time monitoring and forecast the water budget and the riverflow of Bulgaria
The Galactic Population of Low- and Intermediate-Mass X-ray Binaries
(abridged) We present the first study that combines binary population
synthesis in the Galactic disk and detailed evolutionary calculations of low-
and intermediate-mass X-ray binaries (L/IMXBs). We show that the formation
probability of IMXBs with initial donor masses of 1.5--4 Msun is typically >~5
times higher than that of standard LMXBs, and suggest that the majority of the
observed systems may have descended from IMXBs. Distributions at the current
epoch of the orbital periods, donor masses, and mass accretion rates have been
computed, as have orbital-period distributions of BMPs. Several significant
discrepancies between the theoretical and observed distributions are discussed.
The orbital-period distribution of observed BMPs strongly favors cases where
the envelope of the neutron-star progenitor is more easily ejected during the
common-envelope phase. However, this leads to a >~100-fold overproduction of
the theoretical number of luminous X-ray sources relative to the total observed
number of LMXBs. X-ray irradiation of the donor star may result in a dramatic
reduction in the X-ray active lifetime of L/IMXBs, thus possibly resolving the
overproduction problem, as well as the long-standing BMP/LMXB birthrate
problem.Comment: 12 pages, emulateapj, submitted to Ap
The Search for Stellar Companions to Exoplanet Host Stars Using the CHARA Array
Most exoplanets have been discovered via radial velocity studies, which are
inherently insensitive to orbital inclination. Interferometric observations
will show evidence of a stellar companion if it sufficiently bright, regardless
of the inclination. Using the CHARA Array, we observed 22 exoplanet host stars
to search for stellar companions in low-inclination orbits that may be
masquerading as planetary systems. While no definitive stellar companions were
discovered, it was possible to rule out certain secondary spectral types for
each exoplanet system observed by studying the errors in the diameter fit to
calibrated visibilities and by searching for separated fringe packets.Comment: 26 pages, 5 tables, 8 figure
The late stages of evolution of helium star-neutron star binaries and the formation of double neutron star systems
With a view to understanding the formation of double neutron-stars (DNS), we
investigate the late stages of evolution of helium stars with masses of 2.8 -
6.4 Msun in binary systems with a 1.4 Msun neutron-star companion. We found
that mass transfer from 2.8 - 3.3 Msun helium stars and from 3.3 - 3.8 Msun in
very close orbits (P_orb > 0.25d) will end up in a common-envelope (CE) and
spiral-in phase due to the development of a convective helium envelope. If the
neutron star has sufficient time to complete the spiraling-in process before
the core collapses, the system will produce very tight DNSs (P_orb ~ 0.01d)
with a merger timescale of the order of 1 Myr or less. These systems would have
important consequences for the detection rate of GWR and for the understanding
of GRB progenitors. On the other hand, if the time left until the explosion is
shorter than the orbital-decay timescale, the system will undergo a SN
explosion during the CE phase. Helium stars with masses 3.3 - 3.8 Msun in wider
orbits (P_orb > 0.25d) and those more massive than 3.8 Msun do not go through
CE evolution. The remnants of these massive helium stars are DNSs with periods
in the range of 0.1 - 1 d. This suggests that this range of mass includes the
progenitors of the galactic DNSs with close orbits (B1913+16 and B1534+12). A
minimum kick velocity of 70 km/s and 0 km/s (for B1913+16 and B1534+12,
respectively) must have been imparted at the birth of the pulsar's companion.
The DNSs with wider orbits (J1518+4904 and probably J1811-1736) are produced
from helium star-neutron star binaries which avoid RLOF, with the helium star
more massive than 2.5 Msun. For these systems the minimum kick velocities are
50 km/s and 10 km/s (for J1518+4904 and J1811-1736, respectively).Comment: 16 pages, latex, 12 figures, accepted for publication in MNRA
Search for an Near-IR Counterpart to the Cas A X-ray Point Source
We report deep near-infrared and optical observations of the X-ray point
source in the Cassiopeia A supernova remnant, CXO J232327.9+584842. We have
identified a J=21.4 +/- 0.3 mag and Ks=20.5 +/- 0.3 mag source within the
1-sigma error circle, but we believe this source is a foreground Pop II star
with Teff=2600-2800 K at a distance of ~2 kpc, which could not be the X-ray
point source. We do not detect any sources in this direction at the distance of
Cas A, and therefore place 3-sigma limits of R >~ 25 mag, F675W >~ 27.3 mag, J
>~ 22.5 mag and Ks >~ 21.2 mag (and roughly H >~ 20 mag) on emission from the
X-ray point source, corresponding to M_{R} >~ 8.2 mag, M_{F675W} >~ 10.7 mag,
M_{J} >~ 8.5 mag, M_{H} >~ 6.5 mag, and M_{Ks} >~ 8.0 mag, assuming a distance
of 3.4 kpc and an extinction A_{V}=5 mag.Comment: 14 pages, 7 figures. Accepted by Ap
Evolution of Neutron-Star, Carbon-Oxygen White-Dwarf Binaries
At least one, but more likely two or more, eccentric neutron-star,
carbon-oxygen white-dwarf binaries with an unrecycled pulsar have been
observed. According to the standard scenario for evolving neutron stars which
are recycled in common envelope evolution we expect to observe \gsim 50 such
circular neutron star-carbon oxygen white dwarf binaries, since their formation
rate is roughly equal to that of the eccentric binaries and the time over which
they can be observed is two orders of magnitude longer, as we shall outline. We
observe at most one or two such circular binaries and from that we conclude
that the standard scenario must be revised. Introducing hypercritical accretion
into common envelope evolution removes the discrepancy by converting the
neutron star into a black hole which does not emit radio waves, and therefore
would not be observed.Comment: 25 pages, 1 figure, accepted in Ap
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