78 research outputs found
Empathy, compassion, and theory of mind in obsessiveâcompulsive disorder
Objectives: Individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) often suffer from impairments in social functioning. This study investigates differences in empathy, compassion, and Theory of Mind (ToM) in individuals with OCD as a possible cause for social functioning deficits. Design: Sixty-four individuals diagnosed with OCD and 62 healthy individuals completed a naturalistic behavioural task (EmpaToM) and a self-report measure (Interpersonal Reactivity Index, IRI). Methods: Three preregistered repeated measures analyses of variance (ANOVAs). Results: People with OCD exhibited higher empathy levels - namely increased sharing of others' suffering - in the EmpaToM task and reported more distress (IRI) compared with healthy individuals. Furthermore, no differences in compassion (EmpaToM) between both groups emerged, although people with OCD reported more concern for others (IRI) compared with healthy individuals. Concerning the ToM, no group differences were detected, neither in the behavioural task, nor self-report. Conclusion: By investigating OCD with diverse scientific practices we shed light on the higher levels of empathy exhibited by individuals with OCD, which are relevant for clinical practice and our understanding of OCD symptomatology. Practitioner points: People with obsessive-compulsive disorder show higher levels of empathy, that is the increased sharing of others' suffering, compared with healthy individuals in both a traditional self-report and a naturalistic task. Regarding compassion, that is caring for others, their self-reported compassion was higher in people with OCD. In Theory of Mind, that is cognitively understanding the situation of another person, no differences have been found neither at self-report nor in a naturalistic task compared with healthy individuals. Independent of traditional interventions, it could prove useful to improve emotion regulation skills so people with OCD learn to cope with empathic distress. Furthermore, it might strengthen the treatment gains and lower dropout rates if the social mind and consequently social relationships become a topic in the treatment and prevention of OCD
Dos and donâts in response priming research
Response priming is a well-understood but sparsely employed paradigm in cognitive
science. The method is powerful and well-suited for exploring early visuomotor
processing in a wide range of tasks and research fields. Moreover, response
priming can be dissociated from visual awareness, possibly because it is based
on the first sweep of feedforward processing of primes and targets. This makes
it a theoretically interesting device for separating conscious and unconscious
vision. We discuss the major opportunities of the paradigm and give specific
recommendations (e.g., tracing the time-course of priming in parametric
experiments). Also, we point out typical confounds, design flaws, and data
processing artifacts
A Delphi-method-based consensus guideline for definition of treatment-resistant depression for clinical trials
Criteria for treatment-resistant depression (TRD) and partially responsive depression (PRD) as subtypes of major depressive disorder (MDD) are not unequivocally defined. In the present document we used a Delphi-method-based consensus approach to define TRD and PRD and to serve as operational criteria for future clinical studies, especially if conducted for regulatory purposes. We reviewed the literature and brought together a group of international experts (including clinicians, academics, researchers, employees of pharmaceutical companies, regulatory bodies representatives, and one person with lived experience) to evaluate the state-of-the-art and main controversies regarding the current classification. We then provided recommendations on how to design clinical trials, and on how to guide research in unmet needs and knowledge gaps. This report will feed into one of the main objectives of the EUropean Patient-cEntric clinicAl tRial pLatforms, Innovative Medicines Initiative (EU-PEARL, IMI) MDD project, to design a protocol for platform trials of new medications for TRD/PRD. © 2021, The Author(s).EU/EFPIA/Innovative Medicines Initiative 2 Joint Undertaking
Sicherheit und QualitÀt der Therapie der Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-/HyperaktivitÀtsstörung mit Methylphenidat
Eine Option zur Behandlung der Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-/HyperaktivitÀtsstörung (ADHS) ist die Pharmakotherapie im Rahmen einer multimodalen Behandlung. Am hÀufigsten
werden hierbei Methylphenidat-haltige Arzneimittel verwendet, wobei sie nur unter Beachtung der in den Fachinformationen und aktuellen Leitlinien aufgefĂŒhrten EinschrĂ€nkungen und Auflagen eingesetzt werden dĂŒrfen. Wirksamkeit, Sicherheit und QualitĂ€t der Pharmakotherapie der ADHS wurden wiederholt in medizinischen Fachkreisen sowie in der breiten Ăffentlichkeit diskutiert. Der regulatorische und medizinische Sachverhalt
wird im Folgenden zusammenfassend dargestellt
The European Medicines Agency's strategies to meet the challenges of Alzheimer disease
Regulatory agencies have a key role in facilitating the development of new drugs for Alzheimer disease, particularly given the challenges associated with early intervention. Here, we highlight the strategies of the European Medicines Agency to help address such challenges
Protein fouling of ultrafiltration membranes â investigation of several factors relevant for tertiary wastewater treatment
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Direct-energy-regenerated particulate trap technology. Final report
The objective of this CRADA between Lockheed Martin and Cummins Engine Company was to develop fiber-reinforced silicon carbide (SiC) composite materials for use as diesel engine particulate traps. Chemical vapor deposition techniques were used to partially densify and rigidize a thin fibrous substrate and produce the porous SiC- based filter. Microwave energy was used to directly couple to the deposited SiC to uniformly heat the filter and oxidize the collected carbon particulates. For commercial usage particulate traps must: (1) filter carbon particulates from a high temperature diesel exhaust at an acceptably low backpressure, (2) survive thousands of thermal transients due to regeneration or cleaning of the filter by oxidizing the collected carbon, (3) be durable and reliable over the expected life of the filter (300,000 miles or 10,000 hours), and (4) provide a low overall operating cost which is competitive with other filtering techniques. The development efforts performed as part of this CRADA have resulted in a very promising new technology for Cummins Engine Company. Ceramic fiber based filter papers were developed at Fleetguard, Inc., (a Cummins Subsidiary) and used to produce the spiral wound, corrugated filter cartridges. Optimized SiC coatings were developed at Lockheed Martin which couple with 2.45 GHz microwaves. Prototype particulate filter cartridges fabricated at Fleetguard and rigidized at Lockheed Martin performed well in single cylinder engine tests at Cummins. These prototype filters obtained filtering efficiencies greater than 80% at acceptably low backpressures and could be successfully headed and regenerated using a conventional in-home microwave oven
Stakeholder collaboration for spinal muscular atrophy therapy development
Functional Genomics of Muscle, Nerve and Brain Disorder
New harmonized considerations on the evaluation instruments for baseline characterization of frailty in the European Union
Impact of organic fractions identified by SEC and fluorescence EEM on the hydraulic reversibility of ultrafiltration membrane fouling by secondary effluents
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