Analog signal integration and reconstruction system Patent

Data acquisition system for converting displayed analog signal to digital value

High speed television camera system processes photographic film data for digital computer analysis

Data acquisition system translates and processes graphical information recorded on high speed photographic film. It automatically scans the film and stores the information with a minimal use of the computer memory

Multiple transonic solutions and a new class of shock transitions in solar and stellar winds

The steady isothermal solar wind equations are shown to admit, under certain circumstances, mutliple transonic solutions when, for example, momentum deposition gives rise to multiplee critical points in the flow. These multiple solutions consist of a continuous solution and solutions which involve shock transitions between critical solutions. The ambiguity arising from the multiplicity of the solutions can be resolved by following the time evolution of a wind profile with one critical point. Results of the numerical integration of the time-dependent equations with momentum addition show that each of these multiple solutions is physically accessible and depends on the rate of change of momentum deposition. These results suggest that standing shocks are likely to be present in the inner solar wind flow

Formation of standing shocks in stellar winds and related astrophysical flows

Stellar winds and other analogous astrophysical flows can be described, to lowest order, by the familiar one dimensional hydrodynamic equations which, being nonlinear, admit in some instances discontinuous as well as continuous transonic solutions for identical inner boundary conditions. The characteristics of the time dependent differential equations of motion are described to show how a perturbation changes profile in time and, under well defined conditions, develops into a stationary shock discontinuity. The formation of standing shocks in wind type astrophysical flows depends on the fulfillment of appropriate necessary conditions, which are determined by the conservation of mass, momentum and energy across the discontinuity, and certain sufficient conditions, which are determined by the flow's history

Simultaneous observations of changes in coronal bright point emission at the 20 cm radio and He Lambda 10830 wavelengths

Preliminary results of observations of solar coronal bright points acquired simultaneously from ground based observatories at the radio wavelength of 20 cm and in the He I wavelength 10830 line on September 8, 1985, are reported. The impetus for obtaining simultaneous radio and optical data is to identify correlations, if any, in changes of the low transition-coronal signatures of bright points with the evolution of the magnetic field, and to distinguish between intermittent heating and changes in the magnetic field topology. Although simultaneous observations of H alpha emission and the photospheric magnetic field at Big Bear were also made, as well as radio observations from Owen Valley Radio Interferometer and Solar Maximum Mission (SSM) (O VIII line), only the comparison between He 10830 and the Very Large Array (VLA) radio data are presented

TCP Sintok: Transmission control protocol with delay-based loss detection and contention avoidance mechanisms for mobile ad hoc networks

Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) consists of mobile devices that are connected to each other using a wireless channel, forming a temporary network without the aid of fixed infrastructure; in which hosts are free to move randomly as well as free to join or leave. This decentralized nature of MANET comes with new challenges that violate the design concepts of Transmission Control Protocol (TCP); the current dominant protocol of the Internet. TCP always infers packet loss as an indicator of network congestion and causes it to perform a sharp reduction to its sending rate. MANET suffers from several types of packet losses due to its mobility feature and contention on wireless channel access and these would lead to poor TCP performance. This experimental study investigates mobility and contention issues by proposing a protocol named TCP Sintok. This protocol comprises two mechanisms: Delay-based Loss Detection Mechanism (LDM), and Contention Avoidance Mechanism (CAM). LDM was introduced to determine the cause of the packet loss by monitoring the trend of end-to-end delay samples. CAM was developed to adapt the sending rate (congestion window) according to the current network condition. A series of experimental studies were conducted to validate the effectiveness of TCP Sintok in identifying the cause of packet loss and adapting the sending rate appropriately. Two variants of TCP protocol known as TCP NewReno and ADTCP were chosen to evaluate the performance of TCP Sintok through simulation. The results demonstrate that TCP Sintok improves jitter, delay and throughput as compared to the two variants. The findings have significant implication in providing reliable data transfer within MANET and supporting its deployment on mobile device communication

Anatomical localization of membrane progesterone receptors in brainstem respiratory areas

La progestérone est un stimulant respiratoire, mais l’implication des différents types de récepteurs de progesterone dans ces effets n’est pas connue. La progesterone possède 2 types de récepteurs: des récepteurs nucléaires (nPR) et des récepteurs membranaires (mPR). nPR est exprimé dans le noyau du tractus solitatrius (NTS), un des noyaux du tronc cérébral impliquées dans le contrôle respiratoire. En revanche on ne sait pas si les mPR sont exprimés dans ce noyaux. Nous avons effectués des marquages immunohistochimiques sur des coupes de tronc cérébral de souris adultes (mâles). Une coloration dense a été trouvé pour les récepteurs mPRα et mPRβ dans les NTS caudal et rostral, le noyau vague et le noyau hypoglosse. mPRα est exprimé dans les corps cellulaires, tandis que mPRβ se trouve dans les fibres neuronales. Des experiences de double marquage en immunofluorescence montrent une co-localisation de mPRα et mPRβ dans des neurones exprimant la tyrosine hydroxylase, enzyme de synthèse des catécholamines dans le NTS. De plus, la 3β-hydroxystéroïde déshydrogénase, impliquée dans la synthèse de progestérone, est également exprimé dans le NTS. Ces résultats suggèrent que mPRα et mPRβ peuvent jouer un rôle dans le contrôle respiratoire et que la synthèse de progestérone locale peut moduler la fonction respiratoire.Progesterone is a potent respiratory stimulant, but the implication of progesterone receptor subtypes on this effect are not known. Progesterone has two main types of receptors, the "classical" nuclear receptor, and the recently identified membrane progesterone receptors. While it has been shown that the nuclear progesterone receptor is expressed in the nucleus tractus solitatrius, a brainstem nuclei involved in respiratory control, much less is known relatively to the expression of membrane progesterone receptors in this area. Accordingly, we used immunohistochemistry to determine the localization of membrane progesterone receptors (mPR) in respiratory-related areas in the brainstem of adult male mice. Serial slices were incubated with antibodies against alpha and beta mPR (mPRα and mPRβ). A prominent staining for mPRα, and mPRβ appeared in caudal and rostral parts of the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS), X and XII nuclei, but while mPRα stained cell bodies, mPRβ stained fibers. With double fluorescence labeling and confocal microscopy we showed that mPRα is co-localized in catecholaminergic neurons (TH+) in NTS. mPRβ is expressed in TH+ fibers in these regions. Furthermore, 3β- hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD), which is involved in progesterone synthesis, was also densily expressed in these regions. These results suggest that mPRα and mPRβ may play a role in respiratory control, and that local progesterone synthesis may modulate respiratory function

The Kalai-Smorodinski solution for many-objective Bayesian optimization

An ongoing aim of research in multiobjective Bayesian optimization is to extend its applicability to a large number of objectives. While coping with a limited budget of evaluations, recovering the set of optimal compromise solutions generally requires numerous observations and is less interpretable since this set tends to grow larger with the number of objectives. We thus propose to focus on a specific solution originating from game theory, the Kalai-Smorodinsky solution, which possesses attractive properties. In particular, it ensures equal marginal gains over all objectives. We further make it insensitive to a monotonic transformation of the objectives by considering the objectives in the copula space. A novel tailored algorithm is proposed to search for the solution, in the form of a Bayesian optimization algorithm: sequential sampling decisions are made based on acquisition functions that derive from an instrumental Gaussian process prior. Our approach is tested on four problems with respectively four, six, eight, and nine objectives. The method is available in the Rpackage GPGame available on CRAN at https://cran.r-project.org/package=GPGame