42 research outputs found

    Investigation of nucleation and crystal growth kinetics of nickel manganese oxalates

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    The nucleation and the crystal growth rates of mixed nickel manganese oxalates have been determined from the changes of the ionic concentration of the solution and the crystal size distribution during the precipitation process within a supersaturation range 0–0.1 M. Thermodynamic solubility calculations have been used to identify the different species contributing the precipitation reaction and for estimation of the thermodynamic constant. Experimental data show that the nucleation rate of mixed nickel manganese oxalate in this supersaturation range is consistent with a primary heterogeneous mechanism and was found to obey to an exponential law. The crystal growth rates indicate a surface-integration-controlled mechanism with a first-order law with respect to the supersaturation

    Predicting bulk powder flow dynamics in a continuous mixer operating in transitory regimes

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    Over recent years there has been increasing interest in continuous powder mixing processes, due mainly to the development of on-line measurement techniques. However, our understanding of these processes remains limited, particularly with regard to their flow and mixing dynamics. In the present work, we study the behaviour of a pilot-scale continuous mixer during transitory regimes, in terms of hold-up weight and outflow changes. We present and discuss experimental results concerning the start-up dynamics of a Gericke GCM 500 mixer, for which a specific experimental protocol has been developed to determine the evolution of the hold-up in the mixer and the real outflow. Empirical relationships are derived so as to link hold-up weight variations with operating conditions. A simple stochastic approach, based on a non-homogeneous Markov chain, is developed to simulate the bulk particle flow and transport in the continuous mixer at a macroscopic level. Although this simple model is only based on the start-up behaviour, it provides a full description of the mixer dynamics in response to strong perturbations on the flow rate or on the rotational speed of the stirring device, such as negative or positive steps. This model is validated experimentally for a wide range of operating conditions, and constitutes a first approach to process control

    La récidive : étude juridique et criminologique : comparaison entre le droit français et les droits de quelques pays arabes

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    Not availableLa récidive constitue l'un des problèmes les plus difficiles qui défie les juristes et les criminologues dans toutes les sociétés. C’est un problème ancien mais il s'est amplifié ces dernières années avec l'augmentation en flèche de la récidive sexuelle et juvénile. La présente étude est consacrée à la récidive au point de vue juridique et criminologique en droit compare. Les législations de la France, en tant que pays développé, et de l'Egypte, du Liban et de la Syrie, pays en voie de développement, sont examinées dans cette étude. L’évolution historique de la lutte de ces législations contre la récidive est présentée pour mieux comprendre son état actuel dans ces pays. La première partie est consacrée au régime juridique de la récidive. Pour constituer les cas de récidive, un certain nombre de conditions générales et spéciales doit se réunir. Une fois, l'état de récidive constaté, les législations prévoient l'aggravation des pénalités en augmentant le taux de la peine encourue tout en excluant ou réduisant le bénéfice de certaines techniques libérales relatives à l'exécution ou à l'extinction des peines. Il ressort de la comparaison juridique de ces législations qu'il y a plus de similitudes que de différences. Les divergences concernent principalement la multi récidive et la récidive des personnes morales. La deuxième partie porte sur les concepts criminologiques et pénologiques de la récidive. Ainsi, sont présentés les facteurs qui font que certains individus ne parviennent pas à abandonner la voie du crime malgré un premier avertissement judiciaire. La personnalité du récidiviste, la même dans les quatre pays, apparait comme le résultat d'une interaction pour éviter la rechute de ce délinquant et épargner la société du danger de la récidive. La France s'est enrichie de dispositions de plus en plus nombreuses pour combattre la récidive en s'orientant vers la réhabilitation et la resocialisation des délinquants. Les pays arabes privilégient encore le système répressif au détriment du système resocialisan

    Investigation of nucleation and crystal growth kinetics of nickel manganese oxalates

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    Abstract The nucleation and the crystal growth rates of mixed nickel manganese oxalates have been determined from the changes of the ionic concentration of the solution and the crystal size distribution during the precipitation process within a supersaturation range 0-0.1 M. Thermodynamic solubility calculations have been used to identify the different species contributing the precipitation reaction and for estimation of the thermodynamic constant. Experimental data show that the nucleation rate of mixed nickel manganese oxalate in this supersaturation range is consistent with a primary heterogeneous mechanism and was found to obey to an exponential law. The crystal growth rates indicate a surface-integration-controlled mechanism with a first-order law with respect to the supersaturation

    Investigation of nucleation and crystal growth kinetics of nickel manganese oxalates

    No full text
    International audienceThe nucleation and the crystal growth rates of mixed nickel manganese oxalates have been determined from the changes of the ionic concentration of the solution and the crystal size distribution during the precipitation process within a supersaturation range 0–0.1 M. Thermodynamic solubility calculations have been used to identify the different species contributing the precipitation reaction and for estimation of the thermodynamic constant. Experimental data show that the nucleation rate of mixed nickel manganese oxalate in this supersaturation range is consistent with a primary heterogeneous mechanism and was found to obey to an exponential law. The crystal growth rates indicate a surface-integration-controlled mechanism with a first-order law with respect to the supersaturation
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