VLT spectra of the companion candidate Cha Ha 5/cc 1

We obtained optical and infrared spectra of Cha Ha 5/cc 1, a faint possibly sub-stellar companion candidate next to the M6-type brown dwarf candidate Cha Ha 5 in Cha I, using FORS1 and ISAAC at the VLT. The VRIJHK colors of Cha Ha 5/cc 1 are consistent with either an L-type companion or a K-type background giant. Our spectra show that the companion candidate actually is a background star.Comment: IAU 211 Symp. "Brown dwarfs" poster proceedings (in press

Ha K-hak dan Kewajiban Kaum Disabilitas Sebelum dan Setelah Islam Datang

The term disability comes from English which means different abilities, which means that humans are created differently. While in the al-qur'an the term disability has various meanings such as the words shummun (deaf), bukmun (mute), ‘umyun (blind), and and a'raj (limp). Although this vocabulary is often used as a mean of metaphorical meaning, in general the vocabulary is a sign that in Arabic society at the time of the al-qurans there were many diffables. This paper seeks to see how the conditions of the disability before and after Islam came with regard to the rights and obligations as well as their existence in the legal and social order at that time. This study uses library research methods, the data used are secondary data, namely data obtained by studying library materials, in the form of books, documents, research results, archives and related to the problems studied. The results of the study show that the diffable in pre-Islamic times were seen not as humans. However, after Islam came persons with disabilities came to be accommodated and placed in a position similar to that of humans. Islam is very concerned about the rights and obligations of persons with disabilities. Protection provided by Islam does not look at groups, but all receive the same treatment and protection

Farm gate nutrient balances of organic dairy farms at different intensity levels in Germany

Organic farms are characterized as low external input agro-ecosystems. Currently, some organic dairy farmers feed higher amounts of concentrates and succulent feed, some of which is purchased, to increase the dairy performance of their cows. To assess the environ¬mental impact of this practice, nutrient balances at the farm-gate level of 26 organic dairy farms located in two different regions in Germany were compiled and analysed. The farms are characterised by different production features and feeding intensity levels (0 - 2.72 t DM of concentrates per cow and year, which was 0 - 378 g kg-1 milk) yielding 5,150 - 8,790 kg milk on average per cow and year. The area- and product- (milk) related farm-gate nutrient budgets for P and K are almost balanced (mean -3 kg P ha-1, range (R): -14 to 4 kg P ha-1; -0.5 g P kg-1 milk, R: -2.8 to 0.9 g P kg-1 milk and 1 kg K ha-1, R: -13 to 15 kg K ha-1; 0.1 g K kg-1 milk, R: -2.4 to 3.9 g K kg-1 milk). The N surplus averages only 43 kg ha-1 (R: 8 to 85 kg N ha-1) and 8.2 g kg-1 milk (R: 2.1 to 17.1 g kg-1 milk), but the correlation between the amount of feed purchased on a net basis and N surplus is significant (r = 0.56, p = 0.003). Average area-related nutrient use efficiency for all farms calculated as the proportion of input to output is high for N (45%), P (164%) and K (91%). The share of nutrient input and output components and correlations between parameters are presented. To classify the results, investigations comparing organic and conventional dairy farming in Europe are listed, indicating an N surplus for organic farms, which is often only half or a third of the surplus of conventional farms. However, intensification in organic dairy farming has, in some cases, significant impacts that need to be assessed to determine its environmental performance and profile

Modelling linered engine blocks

Factors that affect heat transfer in the linered aluminium engine block are examined to determine their importance. Conduction is found to be the dominant mode of heat transfer, and the interface is characterised as imperfect contact if there are no surface manufacturing defects larger than 139 microns. A model is proposed to estimate the effective conductivity for imperfect contact. This thermal conductance depends on the area of contact, macroscopic roughness, the contact pressure and the interstitial medium. The transfer of heat and the distribution of stress in line red engine blocks are coupled, and the problem is strongly non-linear. A finite element solution procedure for solving the heat transfer problem in the linered engine block is outlined

Ha 1935, ha 1991!

Taha Toros Arşivi, Dosya No: 2-3-Abalıoğlu, Yunus Nadi, Nadir Nadi, Doğan Nadi. Not: Gazetenin "Evet/Hayır" köşesinde yayımlanmıştır

Optimisation of phosphorus and potassium management within organic farming systems (OF0114)

This is the final report from Defra project OF0114. The scientific objectives of the project were to 1 - Assess the balance between inputs and offtakes of P and K within a range of UK organic farming systems 2 - Evaluate chemical and bioavailability indices used to assess P and K status of soils 3 - Assess the availability of a range of P and K fertilisers to grass-clover leys and tillage crops 4 – Develop a process-based simulation model and integrate with whole farm nutrient budgeting to allow P and K management decisions to be made for the whole farm. 5 - Provide guidelines for farmers on the use of phosphorus and potassium fertilisers for organic systems. Farm gate budgets for P and K were collated using farm records, measurements and standard tables of nutrient contents for a number of organic farms and rotations on organic farms. An integrated series of incubation, greenhouse and field experiments was carried out with a range of fertilising materials selected to give a range of likely availabilities for plant uptake and to give a mix of mineral and organic sources of P and K on soils representing the range of soil types under organic management. Organic farming systems can show both P and K surpluses and deficits depending on management. In mixed systems, manures represent a significant resource of both P and K, which are supplemented through imports of feed and bedding. However, manure handling also therefore gives significant opportunity for losses, particularly of K from the system. K deficits are common in organic rotations, but not necessarily at the whole farm level. These deficits are close to the level which can be sustained from the weathering of mineral reserves in many UK soils. However, more consideration needs to be taken of the potential of soils to supply K when rotations and management plans are designed. There is no reason why organic farming systems, operating within the current UKROFS standards, cannot achieve a nutrient budget in line with long-term sustainability of soil P and K. However, continued monitoring of soil P and K levels in long-term organic trials is necessary to demonstrate these conclusions. Results of the simulation modelling are further summarised in the executive summary at the start of the main report. The complex interactions between nutrient cycles in organic farming systems means that the process based simulation model of P and K turnover was necessarily very simplified and the data collected in this project was not long-term enough to allow a full evaluation of all the factors, which influence P and K offtake, particularly the impact of crop establishment and management practices influencing spatial and temporal P nd K management. However, practical guidelines were drawn up for farmers and their advisors. The project has produced 4 scientific papers and contributed to others. 10 presentations were made at scientific conferences and 5 presentations to farmers’ meetings. The project has also been responsible for simulating debate and encouraging the use of good scientific data in the development of future UK organic farming systems