A CONTRIBUIÇÃO DO AADEE NA INCLUSÃO DE ALUNOS COM DEFICIÊNCIA INTELECTUAL NAS ESCOLAS MUNICIPAIS DO RECIFE - PE

Neste artigo tem-se por objetivo apresentar os resultados de uma pesquisa sobre as contribuições do trabalho do Agente de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Educacional Especial (AADEE) frente à inclusão de alunos com deficiência intelectual, na educação pública municipal da cidade do Recife-PE. Como parte do percurso metodológico, foram entrevistados profissionais que atuam como AADEE. A análise, apresenta evidências de uma inclusão transformadora, mas que carece de um conjunto de práticas coletivas para que o direito à educação dos estudantes com deficiência intelectual se torne efetivo

Ontogeny of embryonic chicken lung: Effects of pituitary gland, corticosterone, and other hormones upon pulmonary growth and synthesis of surfactant phospholipids

The actions of hormones on growth, cellular proliferation, and on synthetic rates of the major surfactant phospholipids, phosphatidylcholine (PC) and disaturated PC (DSPC), were studied in the lung of the chick embryo. Particular emphasis was placed on the effects of hypophysectomy, pituitary transplantation, and treatment with corticosterone (CORT). One study was concerned with hydrocortisone (HYCORT), estrogen (E2), thyroxine (T4), ovine prolactin (oPRL), and insulin. Hypophysectomy interfered with the normal gain in protein, the progressive dehydration of the embryonic lung, and also caused a reduction in the number of pulmonary cells on Days 16 and 18 of incubation. Absence of the pituitary gland diminished pulmonary PC by Day 16. Transplantation of one pituitary gland or exogenous CORT partially restored pulmonary phospholipid and PC (normalized per wet weight) in hypophysectomized (hypox) embryos. Transplantation also restored relative protein content in lungs of hypox individuals. Beyond this, transplantation was generally ineffective in reversing deficits of hypox individuals. All concentrations of CORT administered (30-100-300 [mu]g) reduced the rate of pulmonary cell division. The highest dose was toxic as judged by its capacity to cause cellular death. Treatment of intact chicken embryos with CORT or E2 for two days stimulated incorporation of [14C]choline into PC and DSPC (the most surface-active component of PC) in the lungs of Day 17 embryos. CORT, but not E2, stimulated DSPC synthesis when treatment was increased to 3 days. Other hormones tested (T4, oPRL, insulin, and HYCORT) had no effect upon the rate of incorporation of [14C]choline into PC or DSPC. These results indicate that during ontogeny the avian lung becomes sensitive to CORT, and possibly E2, prior to 16 days of incubation. CORT, in particular, acts both to trigger the prehatching stimulation of surfactant phospholipid synthesis, especially the vital DSPC fraction, and to slow the rate of pulmonary cellular division coincident with biochemical differentiation of the surfactant system.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/25095/1/0000527.pd

Modelling the Innate Immune Response against Avian Influenza Virus in Chicken

At present there is limited understanding of the host immune response to (low pathogenic) avian influenza virus infections in poultry. Here we develop a mathematical model for the innate immune response to avian influenza virus in chicken lung, describing the dynamics of viral load, interferon-α, -β and -γ, lung (i.e. pulmonary) cells and Natural Killer cells. We use recent results from experimentally infected chickens to validate some of the model predictions. The model includes an initial exponential increase of the viral load, which we show to be consistent with experimental data. Using this exponential growth model we show that the duration until a given viral load is reached in experiments with different inoculation doses is consistent with a model assuming a linear relationship between initial viral load and inoculation dose. Subsequent to the exponential-growth phase, the model results show a decline in viral load caused by both target-cell limitation as well as the innate immune response. The model results suggest that the temporal viral load pattern in the lungs displayed in experimental data cannot be explained by target-cell limitation alone. For biologically plausible parameter values the model is able to qualitatively match to data on viral load in chicken lungs up until approximately 4 days post infection. Comparison of model predictions with data on CD107-mediated degranulation of Natural Killer cells yields some discrepancy also for earlier days post infection

The Surfactant System in the Lung of the Embryonic and Juvenile Chicken: Biochemical, Ultrastructural, and Endocrine Studies.

Maturation of the pulmonary surfactant system and its endocrine control were investigated in the embryonic and post-hatchng chicken. Growth and maturation of the chicken lung were examined morphologically and biochemically. The capability of lung slices of day 14 and day 19 embryos to incorporate ('14)C-choline or ('14)C-glucose into the two most important phospholipids in surfactant, phosphatidylcholine (PC) and disaturated phosphatidylcholine (DSPC) was determined. Effects of the pituitary, corticosterone (CORT), and other hormones upon pulmonary growth, maturation, and synthetic rates of PC and DSPC were also studied. Maturation of the avian lung occurred in three stages. Prior to day 14, few air spaces were present, hydration was prominent, and cell division occurred at a slow rate. After day 14, parabronchi increased in number concomitant with increased accumulation of DNA. Content of glucose, water, and glycogen, originally high on day 14, decreased thereafter. By 18 days of incubation, well-developed and numerous parabronchi and blood capillaries replaced mesenchyme. After day 18, air capillaries appeared and cellular division slowed coincident with increased numbers of lamellar bodies and content and synthesis of pulmonary PC and DSPC. DSPC was uniquely enriched in the embroynic lung compared with yolk or liver. Most PC and DSPC was in isolated lamellar bodies and pulmonary lavage. Analysis of fatty acids of DSPC revealed that 85% was dipalmitoyl PC. Incorporation of ('14)C-choline into PC and DSPC was higher in lungs of chicken embryos just prior to breathing (day 19) compared with younger embryos (day 14). In contrast, the rate of incorporation of ('14)C-glucose into these phosphoglycerides was reduced on day 19 compared to day 14. Hypophysectomy reduced growth and PC in the embryonic lung. Replacement of a pituitary or administration of CORT restored pulmonary content of PC (expressed per wet weight). CORT and 17-(beta)-estradiol stimulated incorporation of ('14)C-choline into PC and DSPC of day 17 embryonic lungs. Stimulation depended upon time and duration of administration. High doses of CORT slowed pulmonary cell division and caused cellular death; lower doses of CORT only reduced cell division. The avian lung is similar to the mammalian lung in many aspects of composition, biosynthesis, and regulation of phospholipids related to surfactant.Ph.D.Animal PhysiologyUniversity of Michiganhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/158850/1/8215019.pd

Lung phospholipids in the embryonic and immature chicken: Changes in lipid composition and biosynthesis during maturation of the surfactant system

Total phospholipid and its components were measured in lungs of the embryonic chick, and in tissue, lamellar bodies, and lavage fluid after hatching. Phosphatidylcholine (PC), the major phospholipid in surfactant, was fractionated and the amount and fatty acid composition of its disaturated (DSPC) component was determined. The synthetic rates of PC, DSPC, and other choline phospholipids were determined on days 14 and 19 of incubation from incorporation of 14 C-choline. Choline pool size was also estimated at these times. Phospholipid content of the lung increased most rapidly after day 18 of incubation with the greatest increase in PC. The PC synthesized just prior to breathing was enriched in DSPC, which constituted 45% of PC on day 19 and only 30% on day 14. DSPC content was even lower in embryonic liver and yolk. Incorporation of 14 C-choline in vitro into pulmonary PC, Sphingomyelin (Sphingo), and DSPC was greater in birds before breathing (day 19) than in the younger embryos. Choline pool size decreased between days 14 and 19 of incubation, but the synthetic rate of DSPC doubled in this interval. Increased accumulation and biosynthesis of pulmonary PC, Sphingo, and DSPC in lung tissue of the embryo paralleled appearance of lamellar bodies. In 5–6-week-old chickens the major pulmonary phospholipid was also DSPC. In lavage, 70% of PC was DSPC, predominantly dipalmitoyl PC. As in the mammalian lung, PC, especially its DSPC component, forms the major phospholipid of avian surfactant, and the synthesis of DSPC is specifically stimulated prior to breathing.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/38089/1/1402200110_ftp.pd