From Query to Usable Code: An Analysis of Stack Overflow Code Snippets

Enriched by natural language texts, Stack Overflow code snippets are an invaluable code-centric knowledge base of small units of source code. Besides being useful for software developers, these annotated snippets can potentially serve as the basis for automated tools that provide working code solutions to specific natural language queries. With the goal of developing automated tools with the Stack Overflow snippets and surrounding text, this paper investigates the following questions: (1) How usable are the Stack Overflow code snippets? and (2) When using text search engines for matching on the natural language questions and answers around the snippets, what percentage of the top results contain usable code snippets? A total of 3M code snippets are analyzed across four languages: C\#, Java, JavaScript, and Python. Python and JavaScript proved to be the languages for which the most code snippets are usable. Conversely, Java and C\# proved to be the languages with the lowest usability rate. Further qualitative analysis on usable Python snippets shows the characteristics of the answers that solve the original question. Finally, we use Google search to investigate the alignment of usability and the natural language annotations around code snippets, and explore how to make snippets in Stack Overflow an adequate base for future automatic program generation.Comment: 13th IEEE/ACM International Conference on Mining Software Repositories, 11 page

Analysis the Gap Between Existing and Required Facilities of Health and Education in District Tharparker

Tharparkar, situated within the arid regions of Sindh province, faces significant challenges as a result of its arid conditions and shifting climate patterns. These changes represent substantial threats to the well-being and livelihoods of the local community. This study attempts to investigate the disparity between existing and required health and education facilities in district Tharparker. The study delves into the challenges faced by the region in meeting the growing needs of its population in terms of healthcare and education services. Data was collected from recent Census reports i.e. Pakistan Bureau of Statistics 2017 and through key informant interviews. Through data analysis, the research sheds light on the factors contributing to the gap and proposes potential solutions to bridge the divide. Results of the study show that there is low enrollment of students in schools and present health facilities and staff isn’t enough to serve the existing population of district Tharparker. The findings underscore the importance of addressing these gaps to enhance the overall well-being and development of Tharparker's residents. This study is significant in a way that it will provide a way forward to government authorities and other supporting agencies in formulating effective plans for addressing the deficiencies (regarding health and education facilities

Comparison of Tramadol and Pethidine for the treatment of shivering during spinal anesthesia

Objectives: The aim of the study is to compare the effectiveness of tramadol vs pethidine for treatment of shivering occurring after spinal anesthesia. Study Design: Double blind comparative study. Place and duration of study: Department of anesthesiology and pain medicine, Combined Military Hospital Malir Cantt Karachi from 1st September to 31st December 2017. Methodology: 70 patients were selected following non-random convenient sampling and were divided into Group A and B. Group A received 0.25mg/kg tramadol while Group B received 0.35mg/kg pethidine. Time to complete control of shivering was noted. Nausea and vomiting were also evaluated by using a four-point scale (Table1). Results: Shivering was successfully controlled in 91.4% and 85.7% respectively in group A and B; success rates were not statistically different (p=0.23). Average time between injection tramadol to complete control of shivering in successfully treated Group A patients was 210±63 seconds (range of 100 to 310 seconds) and for pethidine average time was 174±52 seconds (range of 90 to 258 seconds). Pethidine showed a shorter time to control shivering which was statistically significant (p=0.09) but in real time amounted to an average of 0.6 minutes (Figure 2). Nausea and vomiting were more frequent (14.3% vs 8.6%) in group B as compared to Group A and this was statistically significant (p=0.03). Conclusion: Tramadol was found to be as effective as pethidine in controlling shivering with fewer side effects in spinal anesthesi

Distinctive Cultural and Geographical Legacy of Bahawalpur

This article will throw light on unique cultural and geographical heritage of Bahawalpur, in the context of regional heritage. This place has pedigree in Ancient world, yet to discover its ancestor age. This region was integral part of Hakra civilization, which underwent Alexander and Hindus domination afterwards. Nevertheless, Bahawalpur sustains its importance when it was a Princely state, and even when it merged with Pakistan in 1954. Its culture is amalgamation of customs of urban and rural areas which also consist of plain and desert lives’ time-honored traditions. Geographically, it has three shads; it comprises desert, Bar or Pat (high land) and fertile land. All of these have their own norms, mores and ethnicities. But they are also silhouetted by a united culture of Bahawalpur. The adherence of Islam in day to day life and regional language (Sariki) are significantly important binding force of the natives of this vicinity. Â

Fixed point theorems for weakly beta-admissible pair of F-contractions with application

In this paper, we introduce a new set Fsb of nonlinear functions. We obtain unique common fixed point theorems for (β; F)-weak contractions under the effect of functions from Fsb. Moreover, we deduce new common fixed point results in ordered and graphic b-metric spaces. Our work generalizes several recent results existing in the literature. We set up an example to elucidate main result. We apply the main theorem to show the existence of common solution of the system of elliptic boundary value problems

Consumption and Employment Effects of Income Redistribution in Pakistan

The argument that growth and equality are two opposite objectives and the conviction that if the former is preferred in the short run, the latter will automatically follow in the long run, though very popular in the past, have become somewhat controversial in recent years. Available evidence from the developing countries does not seem to support the 'trickle down' theory. It is being increasingly felt that the solution to the problem of poverty does not lie in mere maximization of the GNP. Economists have now started stressing the need for 'direct attack on poverty' (6, pp.42- 44] and for specific policies with growth implications for different groups in the Society (2, p. xiii] . Redistribution of income among different groups is therefore emerging as an important policy objective in many developing countries, including Pakistan

The Impact of User-Generated Content, Social Interactions and virtual Economies on Metaverse Environments

This study examines how user-generated content, social interactions, and virtual economies impact the Metaverse's changing environment. It offers crucial knowledge for policymakers, stakeholders, and developers of the Metaverse in building interesting and long-lasting virtual worlds. The study surveyed 385 respondents from the South Asian demographic using a Likert rating scale through an online survey. Demographic variables were analyzed using SPSS version 29, focusing on frequency and percentage distribution. Means and standard deviations were calculated for each variable and survey item. The main analysis included multiple regression to evaluate hypotheses regarding the interaction between user-generated content, social interaction, and the virtual economy. User-generated content significantly improves Metaverse environments (= 0.22, p<0.01**), highlighting its crucial part in creating immersive virtual spaces. Metaverse environments bene t from social interactions (=0.16, p<0.01**), fostering involvement and community. In the growth of the Metaverse, virtual economies are extremely important (=0.501, p<0.001***), encouraging user participation and innovation. This research, which uses rigorous statistical analysis and focuses on South Asian demographics, offers novel insights into the metaverse dynamics. It serves as a crucial resource for the Metaverse's future growth and development by guiding developers, stakeholders, and policymakers as they navigate the Metaverse's seemingly limitless potential

Comparison of Bupivacaine and Dexmedetomidine versus Bupivacaine Alone in Transversus Abdominis Plane Block for Post-Operative Analgesia

Objective: To study the effects of adding dexmedetomidine to bupivacaine in transverses abdominis plane block in comparison with using bupivacaine alone. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective comparative study that was conducted in the Anaesthesia Department, CMH, Lahore over a period of six months from 1st June 2020 to 30th November 2020. Fifty patients of the American Society of Anesthesiologist Class I and II with an age range between 40 to 60 years were divided into two groups. Group B received 20ml of 0.25% bupivacaine with 2ml of normal saline on each side in the transversus abdominis plane block while group BD was given 20ml of 0.25% bupivacaine with dexmedetomidine 0.5mcg/kg on each side (in a volume of 2ml). Post-operative pain was assessed with a visual analogue scale. Rescue analgesia was given when a score of greater than 3 was observed using this scale. Time to first rescue analgesia was noted. Total opioid consumption in the first 24 hours was also recorded. Patients were observed for postoperative hypotension and bradycardia.Results: The mean-time for the first dose of analgesia for group B and BD was 302.92 ± 24.01 and 419.28 ± 31.97 minutes respectively with a p-value of 0.001. The mean of the total consumption of opioids in 24 hours post-operatively for group B and BD was 14.20±2.36 and 10.40±1.38 mg respectively with a p-value of 0.001. Hypotension was not seen in any patient in either group. Only one patient developed bradycardia and he belonged to group BD. P-value was 0.327.Conclusion: The addition of dexmedetomidine to bupivacaine for transversus abdominis plane block for postoperative analgesia significantly prolongs the duration of analgesia and reduces the postoperative opioid requirements