Effects of Feed Additives and Mixed Eimeria Species Infection on Intestinal Microbial Ecology of Broilers

Evaluation of digestive microbial ecology is necessary to understand effects of growth-promoting feed. In the current study, the dynamics of intestinal microbial communities (MC) were examined in broilers fed diets supplemented with a combination of antibiotic (bacitracin methylene disalicylate) and ionophore (Coban 60), and diets containing 1 of 2 essential oil (EO) blends, Crina Poultry (CP) and Crina Alternate (CA). Five treatments were analyzed: 1) unmedicated uninfected control; 2) unmedicated infected control; 3) feed additives monensin (bacitracin methylene disalicylate) + monensin (Coban 60; AI); 4) EO blend CP; and 5) EO blend CA. Additives were mixed into a basal feed mixture, and EO were adjusted to 100 ppm. Chicks were infected by oral gavage at 19 d of age with Eimeria acervulina, Eimeria maxima, and Eimeria tenella. Duodenal, ileal, and cecal samples were taken from 12 birds per treatment just before and 7 d after challenge; 2 samples each were pooled to give a final number of 6 samples total; and all pooled samples were frozen until used for DNA extraction. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis was used to examine PCR-amplified fragments of the bacterial 16S ribosomal DNA variable region. Results are presented as percentages of similarity coefficients (SC). Dendrograms of PCR amplicon or band patterns indicated MC differences due to intestinal location, feed additives, and cocci challenge. Essential oil blends CP and CA affected MC in all gut sections. Each EO had different effects over MC, and they differed in most instances from the AI group. The cocci challenge caused drastic MC population shifts in duodenal, ileal, and cecal sections (36.7, 55.4, and 36.2% SC, respectively). Diets supplemented with CP supported higher SC between pre- and postchallenge MC (89.9, 83.3, and 76.4%) than AI (81.8., 57.4, and 60.0%). We concluded that mixed coccidia challenge caused drastic shifts in MC. These EO blends modulated MC better than AI, avoiding drastic shifts after a mixed challenge

The Washington Real Estate Contract Forfeiture Act

The Real Estate Contract Forfeiture Act (the Act), which became effective January 1, 1986, creates a nonjudicial procedure for forfeiture of the purchaser\u27s interest in a real estate contract that terminates the purchaser\u27s rights in the contract and in the real property that is the subject matter of the contract. Compliance with the Act\u27s procedures should clear the seller\u27s title to the property. The Act represents a significant departure from common law forfeiture procedures. This discussion will trace the origins of the Act, explain its basic design and purpose, and indicate where the Act changes or parallels the prior common law. In addition, some areas of future uncertainty that may arise under the new Act will be discussed

Real Estate Contracts and the Doctrine of Equitable Conversion in Washington: Dispelling the \u3cem\u3eAshford\u3c/em\u3e Cloud

The principal thesis of this Article is that property and contract questions should not be solved independently and are most usefully approached in a distinct order. Because the installment contract divides the incidents of property ownership usually associated with legal title between the parties to the contract, it should be treated differently than the earnest money contract in which the incidents of ownership are not divided. In addition, it is important to first answer some remedial questions before proceeding to make decisions about the property interest of each party to the contract. To support this thesis, this Article explains in detail how the Ashford legacy has affected the treatment of real estate contracts in Washington. It then compares the Washington approach with the doctrine of equitable conversion. Finally, it suggests an analysis for real estate contract problems and applies that analysis to some remaining problem areas

Real Estate Contracts and the Doctrine of Equitable Conversion in Washington: Dispelling the \u3cem\u3eAshford\u3c/em\u3e Cloud

The principal thesis of this Article is that property and contract questions should not be solved independently and are most usefully approached in a distinct order. Because the installment contract divides the incidents of property ownership usually associated with legal title between the parties to the contract, it should be treated differently than the earnest money contract in which the incidents of ownership are not divided. In addition, it is important to first answer some remedial questions before proceeding to make decisions about the property interest of each party to the contract. To support this thesis, this Article explains in detail how the Ashford legacy has affected the treatment of real estate contracts in Washington. It then compares the Washington approach with the doctrine of equitable conversion. Finally, it suggests an analysis for real estate contract problems and applies that analysis to some remaining problem areas

A Suggested Analysis for Regulation of Equal Credit Opportunity

In its 1972 report to the President and Congress, the National Commission on Consumer Finance called for legislation to insure that every consumer would have equal access to the credit market and that credit should never be denied solely because of characteristics such as race, creed, color, occupation or sex. This call reflected both a recognition of the growing economic importance of the ability to make credit purchases and a concern that many consumers were denied credit because of their membership in a class, rather than because of any individual lack of credit worthiness. As part of this broader investigation of the special problems of availability of credit, the Commission identified difficulties women in particular faced in obtaining consumer as well as mortgage credit

A calcium‐ and voltage‐dependent chloride current in developing chick skeletal muscle.

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/109959/1/tjp19894171241.pd

Emergence of a measurement basis in atom-photon scattering

The process of quantum measurement has been a long standing source of debate. A measurement is postulated to collapse a wavefunction onto one of the states of a predetermined set - the measurement basis. This basis origin is not specified within quantum mechanics. According to the theory of decohernce, a measurement basis is singled out by the nature of coupling of a quantum system to its environment. Here we show how a measurement basis emerges in the evolution of the electronic spin of a single trapped atomic ion due to spontaneous photon scattering. Using quantum process tomography we visualize the projection of all spin directions, onto this basis, as a photon is scattered. These basis spin states are found to be aligned with the scattered photon propagation direction. In accordance with decohernce theory, they are subjected to a minimal increase in entropy due to the photon scattering, while, orthogonal states become fully mixed and their entropy is maximally increased. Moreover, we show that detection of the scattered photon polarization measures the spin state of the ion, in the emerging basis, with high fidelity. Lastly, we show that while photon scattering entangles all superpositions of pointer states with the scattered photon polarization, the measurement-basis states themselves remain classically correlated with it. Our findings show that photon scattering by atomic spin superpositions fulfils all the requirements from a quantum measurement process