Effects of Feed Additives and Mixed Eimeria Species Infection on Intestinal Microbial Ecology of Broilers

Evaluation of digestive microbial ecology is necessary to understand effects of growth-promoting feed. In the current study, the dynamics of intestinal microbial communities (MC) were examined in broilers fed diets supplemented with a combination of antibiotic (bacitracin methylene disalicylate) and ionophore (Coban 60), and diets containing 1 of 2 essential oil (EO) blends, Crina Poultry (CP) and Crina Alternate (CA). Five treatments were analyzed: 1) unmedicated uninfected control; 2) unmedicated infected control; 3) feed additives monensin (bacitracin methylene disalicylate) + monensin (Coban 60; AI); 4) EO blend CP; and 5) EO blend CA. Additives were mixed into a basal feed mixture, and EO were adjusted to 100 ppm. Chicks were infected by oral gavage at 19 d of age with Eimeria acervulina, Eimeria maxima, and Eimeria tenella. Duodenal, ileal, and cecal samples were taken from 12 birds per treatment just before and 7 d after challenge; 2 samples each were pooled to give a final number of 6 samples total; and all pooled samples were frozen until used for DNA extraction. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis was used to examine PCR-amplified fragments of the bacterial 16S ribosomal DNA variable region. Results are presented as percentages of similarity coefficients (SC). Dendrograms of PCR amplicon or band patterns indicated MC differences due to intestinal location, feed additives, and cocci challenge. Essential oil blends CP and CA affected MC in all gut sections. Each EO had different effects over MC, and they differed in most instances from the AI group. The cocci challenge caused drastic MC population shifts in duodenal, ileal, and cecal sections (36.7, 55.4, and 36.2% SC, respectively). Diets supplemented with CP supported higher SC between pre- and postchallenge MC (89.9, 83.3, and 76.4%) than AI (81.8., 57.4, and 60.0%). We concluded that mixed coccidia challenge caused drastic shifts in MC. These EO blends modulated MC better than AI, avoiding drastic shifts after a mixed challenge

The Washington Real Estate Contract Forfeiture Act

The Real Estate Contract Forfeiture Act (the Act), which became effective January 1, 1986, creates a nonjudicial procedure for forfeiture of the purchaser\u27s interest in a real estate contract that terminates the purchaser\u27s rights in the contract and in the real property that is the subject matter of the contract. Compliance with the Act\u27s procedures should clear the seller\u27s title to the property. The Act represents a significant departure from common law forfeiture procedures. This discussion will trace the origins of the Act, explain its basic design and purpose, and indicate where the Act changes or parallels the prior common law. In addition, some areas of future uncertainty that may arise under the new Act will be discussed

Real Estate Contracts and the Doctrine of Equitable Conversion in Washington: Dispelling the \u3cem\u3eAshford\u3c/em\u3e Cloud

The principal thesis of this Article is that property and contract questions should not be solved independently and are most usefully approached in a distinct order. Because the installment contract divides the incidents of property ownership usually associated with legal title between the parties to the contract, it should be treated differently than the earnest money contract in which the incidents of ownership are not divided. In addition, it is important to first answer some remedial questions before proceeding to make decisions about the property interest of each party to the contract. To support this thesis, this Article explains in detail how the Ashford legacy has affected the treatment of real estate contracts in Washington. It then compares the Washington approach with the doctrine of equitable conversion. Finally, it suggests an analysis for real estate contract problems and applies that analysis to some remaining problem areas

Real Estate Contracts and the Doctrine of Equitable Conversion in Washington: Dispelling the \u3cem\u3eAshford\u3c/em\u3e Cloud

The principal thesis of this Article is that property and contract questions should not be solved independently and are most usefully approached in a distinct order. Because the installment contract divides the incidents of property ownership usually associated with legal title between the parties to the contract, it should be treated differently than the earnest money contract in which the incidents of ownership are not divided. In addition, it is important to first answer some remedial questions before proceeding to make decisions about the property interest of each party to the contract. To support this thesis, this Article explains in detail how the Ashford legacy has affected the treatment of real estate contracts in Washington. It then compares the Washington approach with the doctrine of equitable conversion. Finally, it suggests an analysis for real estate contract problems and applies that analysis to some remaining problem areas

A Suggested Analysis for Regulation of Equal Credit Opportunity

In its 1972 report to the President and Congress, the National Commission on Consumer Finance called for legislation to insure that every consumer would have equal access to the credit market and that credit should never be denied solely because of characteristics such as race, creed, color, occupation or sex. This call reflected both a recognition of the growing economic importance of the ability to make credit purchases and a concern that many consumers were denied credit because of their membership in a class, rather than because of any individual lack of credit worthiness. As part of this broader investigation of the special problems of availability of credit, the Commission identified difficulties women in particular faced in obtaining consumer as well as mortgage credit

The me in memory:the role of the self in autobiographical memory development

This paper tests the hypothesis that self development plays a role in the offset of childhood amnesia; assessing the importance of both the capacity to anchor a memory to the self-concept, and the strength of the self-concept as an anchor. We demonstrate for the first time that the volume of 3- to 6-year-old’s specific autobiographical memories is predicted by both the volume of their self-knowledge, and their capacity for self-source monitoring within self-referencing paradigms (N =186). Moreover, there is a bidirectional relationship between self and memory, such that autobiographical memory mediates the link between self-source monitoring and self-knowledge. These predictive relationships suggests that the self memory system is active in early childhood

Intestinal Microbial Ecology of Broilers Vaccinated and Challenged With Mixed Eimeria Species, and Supplemented with Essential Oil Blends

Intestinal microbiota is an important component in the development of defense mechanisms in the gut mucosa. This project determined the dynamics of intestinal microbial communities (MC) of broilers vaccinated at first day of age with live oocysts of Eimeria species and fed diets supplemented with 2 specific essential oil (EO) blends, Crina Poultry (CP) and Crina Alternate (CA). Five treatments were analyzed: 1) unmedicated-uninfected (UU) control; 2) unmedicated-infected (UI) control; 3) vaccinated with Advent cocci-vaccine and without feed additive (COV) supplements; 4) vaccinated with Advent and supplemented with CP; and 5) vaccinated with Advent and supplemented with CA. The EO blends were added at 100 ppm to the same basal diets. Chicks were gavage-infected at 19 d of age with Eimeria acervulina, Eimeria maxima, and Eimeria tenella. Duodenal, ileal, and cecal samples were taken from 12 birds per treatment just before the infection and 7 d after the challenge, pooled in 6 samples, and frozen. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis was used to examine PCR-amplified fragments of the bacterial 16S ribosomal DNA variable region. Results are presented as percentages of similarity coefficients (SC). Dendrograms of amplicon patterns indicated MC differences due to intestinal location, feed additives, and cocci infection. The EO blends CP and CA did affect MC in all gut sections. The cocci-infection caused drastic MC population shifts in duodenal, ileal, and cecal sections (36.7, 55.4, and 36.2% SC, respectively). The CP-supplemented birds had higher SC between pre- and postchallenge MC in duodenal and ileal (73.3, 81.8%) than COV (66.4, 66.5%). However, COV broilers had the smallest changes in cecal MC after infection (79.5% SC). We concluded that cocci-vaccination causes small changes in intestinal MC, but challenge causes drastic shifts. The EO blend supplementation modulates MC in cocci-vaccinated broilers, avoiding drastic shifts after a mixed coccidia infection. Correlations between MC dynamics and host responses are discussed

Mononuclear phagocyte system of the mouse defined by immunohistochemical localization of antigen F4/80. Identification of resident macrophages in renal medullary and cortical interstitium and the juxtaglomerular complex

Macrophages have been identified in mouse kidney by immunohistochemical localization of the macrophage-specific antigen F4/80. They constitute the majority of the renal medullary interstitial cell population and are also found in contact with cortical distal and proximal tubules and Bowman's capsule. They are a physical component of the juxtaglomerular complex

Alfalfa as a Field Crop in South Dakota

Summary of Bulletin No. 133(1) Average yields of alfalfa hay, from several strains of seed have been produced at Brookings, which have been more profitable than average crops of wheat or corn. Such a fact augurs well for permanent, profitable farming in South Dakota. Page 260.(2) Average yields of alfalfa hay from some strains of seed have been produced at Highmore, which were at least as profitable as average crops of wheat or corn. Such .a fact augurs also well for permanent, profitable farming in South Dakota. It is also exceedingly important to know that some strains failed to withstand the conditions at Highmore. Page 267.(3) Trials of alfalfa, by a number of co-operators in several parts of the state yielded some information. Further, very carefully conducted long-time experiments; such as those at Brookings and Highmore, at other points will be necessary to solve alfalfa problems. Page 268.(4) Yellow-flowered alfalfa apparently possesses great hardiness, which quality is of exceeding importance, especially under our more severe conditions. Page 272.(5) Seeds of alfalfa that fail to germinate, may be improved by some process of scratching the hard seed coats, and such treatment is apparently beneficial to all kinds of alfalfa seed. Trials with a seed Preparator\u27\u27 yielded this information. Page 281. (6) Five species of Alfalfa. Page 274