The Role of Price Information in Agricultural Markets: Evidence from Rural Peru

Agriculture is a source of livelihood for 86% of households in rural areas, many of whom rely on their crops for income. However, many farmers in isolated areas do not have access to reliable market price information that can inform them about the most profitable opportunities on where to sell their products. This dissertation presents new evidence on the role of price information in farmers' marketing outcomes. I use data from a field experiment in the central highlands of Peru. A group of farmers in randomly selected villages was provided with mobile phones, through which they received detailed price information for seventeen relevant crops in six regional markets. I find that those provided with the information received 13-14% higher prices for their products. This effect was larger for perishable crops and for more risk-averse households. Information also made farmers more likely to participate in commercial activities and sell their crops (rather than allocating them for self-consumption). These results were not driven by other mobile phone benefits as the phones distributed to the farmers were restricted to only receive the price SMS during the period of the intervention. They are not driven by production decisions either because the intervention took place after planting decisions had already been made. Finally, I also investigate the possibility of information spillovers by examining marketing outcomes of households who did not receive the information but lived in villages where others did. I do not find any significant effects among households in this group

5-Chlorocarbonyl-10,11-dihydro-5h-dibenz[b,f]azepine

In the title compound, $C_{15}H_{12}ClNO$, the central seven-membered azepine ring adopts a bent conformation, intermediate between the boat and chair forms. The overall structure of the molecule is similar to a butterfly shape, which is commonly observed for carbamazepine analogues. The planes through the benzene rings on either side of the azepine ring intersect at an angle of $59.0 (1)^o$. The molecular assembly is primarily stabilized by aromatic \pi-\pi interactions

Proton-bifurcated C−H...(O,O)C-H{...}(O,O) hydrogen bonds in 2,3-dichloro-6-nitrobenzylaminium chloride

In the crystal structure of the title salt, $C_{7}H_{7}C_{l2}N_{2}O_{2}^+{\cdot}Cl^-$, the chloride anions participate in extensive hydrogen bonding with the aminium cations and indirectly link the molecules through multiple $N^+\c-H{...}Cl^-$ salt bridges. There are two independent molecules in the asymmetric unit, related by a pseudo-inversion center. The direct intermolecular, coupling is established by $C-H{...}O,\hspace{5mm}C-H{...}Cl\hspace{5mm}and\hspace{5mm}C-Cl{...}Cl^-$ interactions. A rare three-center (donor bifurcated) $C-H{...}(O,O)$ hydrogen bond is observed between the methylene and nitro groups, with a side-on intramolecular component of closed-ring type and a head-on intermolecular component

4-tert-butyl-\gamma-chlorobutyrophenone

The title compound, $C_{14}H_{19}C_{lO}$, possesses $C_{s}$ symmetry with all but two C atoms of the tert-butyl group lying in the mirror plane. In the crystal structure, the molecules stack along the b axis and are connected by weak C-H...\pi interactions

Conformations of three heterocyclic perhydropyrrolobenzofurans and polymeric assembly via co-operative inter-molecular C-H center dot center dot center dot O hydrogen bonds

In 1-cyclo-hexyl-6,6,8a-trimethyl-3a,6,7,8a-tetra-hydro-1H-1-benzofuro2, 3-b]pyrrole-2,4(3H,5H)-dione, C19H27NO3, (I), and the isomorphous compounds 6,6,8a-trimethyl-1-phenyl-3a,6,7,8a-tetra-hydro-1H-1-benzofuro2,3-b]p yrrole-2,4(3H,5H)-dione, C19H21NO3, (II), and 6,6,8a-trimethyl-1-(3-pyridyl)-3a,6,7,8a-tetra-hydro-1H-1-benzofuro2, 3-b]pyrrole-2,4(3H,5H)-dione, C18H20N2O3, (III), the tetra-hydro-benzo-dihydro-furo-pyrrolidine ring systems are folded at the cis junction of the five-membered rings, giving rise to a non-planar shape of the tricyclic cores. The dihydro-furan and pyrrolidine rings in (I) are puckered and adopt an envelope conformation. The cyclo-hexene rings adopt a half-chair conformation in all the mol-ecules, while the substituent N-cyclo-hexyl ring in (I) assumes a chair form. Short intra-molecular C-HcO contacts form S(5) and S(6) motifs. The isomorphous compounds (II) and (III) are effectively isostructural, and aggregate into chains via inter-molecular C-HcO hydrogen bonds

Conformations of three heterocyclicperhydropyrrolobenzofurans and polymeric assembly via co-operative inter-molecular C-H center dot center dot center dot O hydrogen bonds

In 1-cyclo-hexyl-6,6,8a-trimethyl-3a,6,7,8a-tetra-hydro-1H-1-benzofuro[2,3-b]pyrrole-2,4(3H,5H)-dione, C19H27NO3, (I), and the isomorphous compounds 6,6,8a-trimethyl-1-phenyl-3a,6,7,8a-tetra-hydro-1H-1-benzofuro[2,3-b]pyrrole-2,4(3H,5H)-dione, C19H21NO3, (II), and 6,6,8a-trimethyl-1-(3-pyridyl)-3a,6,7,8a-tetra-hydro-1H-1-benzofuro[2,3-b]pyrrole-2,4(3H,5H)-dione, C18H20N2O3, (III), the tetra-hydro-benzo-dihydro-furo-pyrrolidine ring systems are folded at the cis junction of the five-membered rings, giving rise to a non-planar shape of the tricyclic cores. The dihydro-furan and pyrrolidine rings in (I) are puckered and adopt an envelope conformation. The cyclo-hexene rings adopt a half-chair conformation in all the mol-ecules, while the substituent N-cyclo-hexyl ring in (I) assumes a chair form. Short intra-molecular C-HcO contacts form S(5) and S(6) motifs. The isomorphous compounds (II) and (III) are effectively isostructural, and aggregate into chains via inter-molecular C-HcO hydrogen bonds

Proton-bifurcated C-H center dot center dot center dot(O,O) hydrogen bonds in 2,3-dichloro-6-nitrobenzylaminium chloride

In the crystal structure of the title salt, C7H7Cl2N2O2+ center dot Cl-, the chloride anions participate in extensive hydrogen bonding with the aminium cations and indirectly link the molecules through multiple N+-H center dot center dot center dot Cl- salt bridges. There are two independent molecules in the asymmetric unit, related by a pseudo-inversion center. The direct intermolecular coupling is established by C-H center dot center dot center dot O, C-H center dot center dot center dot Cl and C-Cl center dot center dot center dot Cl- interactions. A rare three-center (donor bifurcated) C-H center dot center dot center dot (O,O) hydrogen bond is observed between the methylene and nitro groups, with a side-on intramolecular component of closed-ring type and a head-on intermolecular component

4-Methoxy-3-methylbenzophenone

The molecule of the title compound, C_1_5H_1_4O_2, is non-planar and the planes of the benzene rings intersect at an angle of $459.8 (1)^{\circ}$. The crystal structure exhibits a significant short intermolecular $\pi$–$\pi$ contact

C-halogen...\pi dimer and C-H...\pi interactions in 1-(2-bromo-4,5-di-methoxybenzyl)-2-butyl-4-chloro-1H-imidazole-5-carbaldehyde and 2-butyl-4-chloro-1-(6-methyl-1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylmethyl)-1H-imida-zole-5-carbaldehyde

The structures of the title compounds, $C_{17}H_{20}BrClN_{2}O_{3}$, (I),and $C_{17}H_{19}ClN_{2}O_{3}$, (II), are stabilized by intramolecular C-H...O and C-H...\pi interactions. The stability of the molecular packing in (I) and (II) arises from a diverse set of weak intermolecular C-H...O, C-H...\pi and C-halogen...\pi interactions. In the crystal structure of (I),molecules aggregate in dimeric subunits via C-Br...\pi interactions. The dimers are interlinked by C-H...O hydrogen bonds. The halogens cluster together and form a channel along the b axis. In (II), the packing is mainly governed by intermolecular C-H...O and C-H...\pi interactions