Regulated Nuclear Trafficking of rpL10A Mediated by NIK1 Represents a Defense Strategy of Plant Cells against Virus

The NSP-interacting kinase (NIK) receptor-mediated defense pathway has been identified recently as a virulence target of the geminivirus nuclear shuttle protein (NSP). However, the NIK1–NSP interaction does not fit into the elicitor–receptor model of resistance, and hence the molecular mechanism that links this antiviral response to receptor activation remains obscure. Here, we identified a ribosomal protein, rpL10A, as a specific partner and substrate of NIK1 that functions as an immediate downstream effector of NIK1-mediated response. Phosphorylation of cytosolic rpL10A by NIK1 redirects the protein to the nucleus where it may act to modulate viral infection. While ectopic expression of normal NIK1 or a hyperactive NIK1 mutant promotes the accumulation of phosphorylated rpL10A within the nuclei, an inactive NIK1 mutant fails to redirect the protein to the nuclei of co-transfected cells. Likewise, a mutant rpL10A defective for NIK1 phosphorylation is not redirected to the nucleus. Furthermore, loss of rpL10A function enhances susceptibility to geminivirus infection, resembling the phenotype of nik1 null alleles. We also provide evidence that geminivirus infection directly interferes with NIK1-mediated nuclear relocalization of rpL10A as a counterdefensive measure. However, the NIK1-mediated defense signaling neither activates RNA silencing nor promotes a hypersensitive response but inhibits plant growth and development. Although the virulence function of the particular geminivirus NSP studied here overcomes this layer of defense in Arabidopsis, the NIK1-mediated signaling response may be involved in restricting the host range of other viruses

Multiplicity of cerebrospinal fluid functions: New challenges in health and disease

This review integrates eight aspects of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) circulatory dynamics: formation rate, pressure, flow, volume, turnover rate, composition, recycling and reabsorption. Novel ways to modulate CSF formation emanate from recent analyses of choroid plexus transcription factors (E2F5), ion transporters (NaHCO3 cotransport), transport enzymes (isoforms of carbonic anhydrase), aquaporin 1 regulation, and plasticity of receptors for fluid-regulating neuropeptides. A greater appreciation of CSF pressure (CSFP) is being generated by fresh insights on peptidergic regulatory servomechanisms, the role of dysfunctional ependyma and circumventricular organs in causing congenital hydrocephalus, and the clinical use of algorithms to delineate CSFP waveforms for diagnostic and prognostic utility. Increasing attention focuses on CSF flow: how it impacts cerebral metabolism and hemodynamics, neural stem cell progression in the subventricular zone, and catabolite/peptide clearance from the CNS. The pathophysiological significance of changes in CSF volume is assessed from the respective viewpoints of hemodynamics (choroid plexus blood flow and pulsatility), hydrodynamics (choroidal hypo- and hypersecretion) and neuroendocrine factors (i.e., coordinated regulation by atrial natriuretic peptide, arginine vasopressin and basic fibroblast growth factor). In aging, normal pressure hydrocephalus and Alzheimer's disease, the expanding CSF space reduces the CSF turnover rate, thus compromising the CSF sink action to clear harmful metabolites (e.g., amyloid) from the CNS. Dwindling CSF dynamics greatly harms the interstitial environment of neurons. Accordingly the altered CSF composition in neurodegenerative diseases and senescence, because of adverse effects on neural processes and cognition, needs more effective clinical management. CSF recycling between subarachnoid space, brain and ventricles promotes interstitial fluid (ISF) convection with both trophic and excretory benefits. Finally, CSF reabsorption via multiple pathways (olfactory and spinal arachnoidal bulk flow) is likely complemented by fluid clearance across capillary walls (aquaporin 4) and arachnoid villi when CSFP and fluid retention are markedly elevated. A model is presented that links CSF and ISF homeostasis to coordinated fluxes of water and solutes at both the blood-CSF and blood-brain transport interfaces

5S hybrid management model for increasing productivity in a textile company in Lima

El texto completo de este trabajo no está disponible en el Repositorio Académico UPC por restricciones de la casa editorial donde ha sido publicado.In general, lean strategies in the textile sector are applied in production to improve productivity, reduce production time, and reduce errors, among other aspects. However, there are also documented studies, which are not common in the literature that uses these strategies to improve storage operations. This study shows the implementation of the Lean 5S Hybrid tool in the warehouse of a textile company based in Lima. The objective of the implementation was to improve productivity in the warehouse, as there were high response times when searching for materials, which reduced production time, warehouse redistribution, better using available space, and being able to strategically locate main materials. The results revealed an increase in warehouse productivity 3.95 times the initial one, an Inventory Record Accuracy of 98.17%, a decrease in the requirement search time by 66.12% (from 25 to 8 min), and stock rotation of 6.22 times

Cooperative quality investment in outsourcing and its impact on supply-chain performance

This paper highlights the importance of cooperative quality investment (CQI) strategy and proposes a simple proportional investment sharing schedule in outsourcing of a supply chain, which consists of a single contract manufacturer (CM) and one original equipment manufacturers (OEM) whose demands are both sensitive to price and product quality. A three-stage dynamic game-theoretic framework is applied to describe decisions of every entity. In particular, we analyze two possible decision structures of quality choice: the CM optimally sets product quality and the OEM chooses product quality. By the backward induction approach, we obtain the analytical equilibrium solutions for each decision scenario. We find that if the CM is willing to share sufficient large investment fraction, the CQI strategy will be beneficial to quality enhancement no matter who sets product quality level. On the respect of equilibrium payoffs (profits), this study shows that each of the players always prefers to have complete control on quality choice with implementation of the CQI strategy. In addition, the supply-chain performance can be improved by practicing the CQI strategy. Furthermore, we explicitly put forwards the conditions for realizing this improvement. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2014

A comprehensive analysis of vascular complications in 3,889 glioma patients from the German Glioma Network

Ischemic strokes, intracranial hemorrhages (ICH) and deep venous thromboembolism (DVT) are clinically important events in patients with gliomas. In this multicentre, noninterventional observational study, current data pertaining to frequency, contributing factors and outcomes of vascular events during times of anti-angiogenic therapy with the antibody against vascular endothelial growth factor, bevacizumab (BEV) was collected from the German Glioma Network. Among 3,889 glioma patients, 70 ischemic strokes (1.8 %) and 123 ICH (3.2 %) were recorded. 143 DVT (5.0 %) were recorded in 2,855 patients. Rates of DVT and ICH, but not of ischemic strokes, increased with the World Health Organization (WHO) grade of glioma. In 81 BEV-treated patients, five ischemic strokes (6.2 %), one ICH (1.2 %) and six DVT (7.4 %) were documented. Compared to patients that were not treated with BEV, ischemic stroke rate was significantly higher during treatment with BEV (p < 0.001). The rates of DVT (p = 0.123) or ICH (p = 0.571) in BEV-treated patients did not differ. On cerebral magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), BEV-related ischemic strokes appeared as diffusion-restricted sites next to contrast-enhancing tumor. 67 % of ICH, 61 % of ischemic strokes and 18 % of DVT occurred postoperatively (within 30 days after tumor resection). Outcome after postoperative ICH was significantly worse than after spontaneous ICH (p = 0.008). Ischemic stroke outcomes did not differ between postoperative and spontaneous occurrence (p = 0.401). Rate of pulmonary embolism did not differ significantly between postoperative and spontaneous DVT (p = 0.133). Relatively low rates of ICH and DVT might be partially due to a high proportion of low-grade gliomas in this patient cohort. The finding of a relevant number of symptomatic, therapy-associated intracerebral diffusion restrictions should be controlled in ongoing phase III studies