Early crusading apocalyptic in the context of the western apocalyptic tradition.

PhDThis thesis sets out to describe the development in Judaism and Christianity of apocalyptic ideas - in particular that of the Millennium, the temporary kingdom supervised, on God's behalf, by his earthly representative, the Messiah. Early Christian apocalyptic differed from Jewish only in that it set up Christ as the Messiah and expected his imminent return to institute the Millennium. Despite official disapproval, this sense of chiliastic immediacy never disappeared and, at the end of the eleventh century, it was able to exercise an important influence on the First Crusade. Although Urban II did not preach the Crusade as an apocalyptic movement, it became one in the writings of the chroniclers and in the actions of the participants. In certain parts of Europe, social and economic conditions and a decade of disasters and signs identical to the traditional Messianic Woes had created a sense of anxiety and disorientation among the poor which could only be resolved by participation in an apocalyptic movement. In the north, it was Peter the Hermit who articulated this process, while, on the official Crusade, Peter Bartholomew, finder of the Holy Lance, focussed the sense of election of the poor upon Raymond of Toulouse, whom he tried unsuccessfully to force into a messianic role. The Crusade was seen in the light of the conviction that the world was about to end, as the fulfillment of apocalyptic prophecy, as led and helped by God, as having apocalyptic attributes of egalitarianism and as leading the participants to the boundaries of life and death, to a millenarian kingdom centering on the New Jerusalem. The role of Antichrist was projected on to the Moslems and the Crusaders saw themselves as God's elect, marked by the sign of the Cross, for whom the Crusade was divine litmus-test of their fitness for salvation

Soil Parameter Estimation and Analysis of Bistatic Scattering X-Band Controlled Measurements

To date only very few bistatic measurements (airborne or in controlled laboratories) have been reported. Therefore most of the current remote sensing methods are still focused on monostatic (backscatter) measurements. These methods, based on theoretical, empirical or semi-empirical models, enable the estimation of soil roughness and the soil humidity (dielectric constant). For the bistatic case only theoretical methods have been developed and tested with monostatic data. Hence, there still remains a vital need to gain of experience and knowledge about bistatic methods and data. The main purpose of this paper is to estimate the soil moisture and the soil roughness by using full polarimetric bistatic measurements. In the experimental part, bistatic X-band measurements, which have been recorded in the Bistatic Measurement Facility (BMF) at the DLR Oberpfaffenhofen, Microwaves and Radar Institute, will be presented. The bistatic measurement sets are composed of soils with different statistical roughness and different moistures controlled by a TDR (Time Domain Reflectivity) system. The BMF has been calibrated using the Isolated Antenna Calibration Technique (IACT). The validation of the calibration was achieved by measuring the reflectivity of fresh water. In the second part, the sensitivities of the bistatic surface scattering to soil moisture and surface roughness will be discussed. Then, the validation of the specular algorithm by estimating the soil moisture of two surfaces with different roughness scales will be reported. Additionally, a new technique using the coherent term of the Integral Equation Method (IEM) to estimate the soil roughness will be presented, as well as evaluation of the sensitivity of phase and reflectivity with regard to moisture variation in the specular direction

System Concepts for Bi- and Multi-Static SAR Missions

The performance and capabilities of bi- and multistatic spaceborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) are analyzed. Such systems can be optimized for a broad range of applications like frequent monitoring, wide swath imaging, single-pass cross-track interferometry, along-track interferometry, resolution enhancement or radar tomography. Further potentials arises from digital beamforming on receive, which allows to gather additional information about the direction of the scattered radar echoes. This directional information can be used to suppress interferences, to improve geometric and radiometric resolution, or to increase the unambiguous swath width. Furthermore, a coherent combination of multiple receiver signals will allow for a suppression of azimuth ambiguities. For this, a reconstruction algorithm is derived, which enables a recovery of the unambiguous Doppler spectrum also in case of non-optimum receiver aperture displacements leading to a non-uniform sampling of the SAR signal. This algorithm has also a great potential for systems relying on the displaced phase center (DPC) technique, like the high resolution wide swath (HRWS) SAR or the split antenna approach in the TerraSAR-X and Radarsat II satellites

A Miniature System for Separating Aerosol Particles and Measuring Mass Concentrations

We designed and fabricated a new sensing system which consists of two virtual impactors and two quartz-crystal microbalance (QCM) sensors for measuring particle mass concentration and size distribution. The virtual impactors utilized different inertial forces of particles in air flow to classify different particle sizes. They were designed to classify particle diameter, d, into three different ranges: d < 2.28 μm, 2.28 μm ≤ d ≤ 3.20 μm, d > 3.20 μm. The QCM sensors were coated with a hydrogel, which was found to be a reliable adhesive for capturing aerosol particles. The QCM sensor coated with hydrogel was used to measure the mass loading of particles by utilizing its characteristic of resonant frequency shift. An integrated system has been demonstrated

Creating space for citizenship : the impact of group structure on validating the voices of people with dementia

This is the author’s version of a work that was accepted for publication in the journal Dementia. The publisher's version is available at doi:10.1177/1471301216642339 (Sage)Recently, there has been increasing attention given to finding ways to help people diagnosed with dementia “live well” with their condition. Frequently however, the attention has been placed on the family care partner as the foundation for creating a context that supports the person with dementia to live well. A recent participatory action research (PAR) study highlighted the importance of beginning to challenge some of the assumptions around how best to include family, especially within a context of supporting citizenship. Three advisory groups consisting of 20 people with dementia, 16 care partners, and 3 service providers, were set up in three locations across Canada to help develop a self-management program for people with dementia. The hubs met monthly for up to two years. One of the topics that emerged as extremely important to consider in the structuring of the program revolved around whether or not these groups should be segregated to include only people with dementia. A thematic analysis of these ongoing discussions coalesced around five inter-related themes: creating safe spaces; maintaining voice and being heard; managing the balancing act; and the importance of solidarity. Underpinning these discussions was the fifth theme, recognition that ‘one size doesn’t fit all’. Overall an important finding was that the presence of family carepartners could have unintended consequences in relation to creating the space for active citizenship to occur in small groups of people with dementia although it could also offer some opportunities. The involvement of care partners in groups with people with dementia is clearly one that is complex without an obvious answer and dependent on a variety of factors to inform a solution, which can and should be questioned and revisited

A SAR conjugate mirror

A radar transponder was constructed, which modifies the received signal such that its complex conjugate is returned to the radar, qualities of the conjugate mirror used in optics and acoustics. For a monostatic synthetic aperture radar (SAR), a perfect conjugate mirror will reflect a signal back to the radar with no phase shift due to the propagation path. The signal received by the transponder is also decorrelated from other targets, enhancing the transponder signal in the SAR image. This letter describes a transponder operated as a SAR conjugate mirror and an experiment with the European Remote Sensing 1 satellite, demonstrating the feasibility and characteristics. The significance for transponder design is addressed and possible applications discussed

A Passive Multistatic CW Radar System using Geostationary Illuminators

In this paper a new passive radar system using a geostationary TV satellite as an illuminator and ground-based receivers is presented. The system can be operated as a monostatic or multistatic radar and can be used for target detection or reflectivity measurements. Full polarimetric operation is possible. The measurement technique and the system hardware of an experimental system are described, particular attention being paid to the methods of signal synchronization. The results of experiments with the radar are presented and future developments dis-cussed

A Tandem TerraSAR-X Configuration for Single-Pass SAR Interferometry

TanDEM-X is a mission proposal for a TerraSAR-X add-on satellite to enable high-resolution single-pass SAR interferometry. The TanDEM-X mission has the goal of generating a global Digital Elevation Model (DEM) with an accuracy corresponding to the DTED-3 specifications (12 m posting, 2 m relative height accuracy for flat terrain). This paper describes the mission concept and requirements, including several innovative aspects like operational modes, orbit selection and maintenance as well as PRF and phase synchronization. Results from a performance estimation show the achievable DEM accuracy. Finally, an overview of the potential of the TanDEM-X mission for several scientific applications is presented

Besonderheiten beim Betrieb von Satelliten-Nutzlasten unter Weltraumbedingungen

Der Betrieb von Instrumenten im Weltraum und die Bedingungen, die die Geraete bewaeltigen muessen, sind ganz andersals auf der Erde. Damit eine lange Lebenszeit und dadurch ein hoher Nutzen erreicht wird, werden spezielle Prozeduren und Bauweisen bei der Entwicklung der Geraete zur Maximierung der Zuverlaessigkeit verlangt. Aspekte dieser, fuer Satellitentechnik typischen Eigenschaften, werden behandelt