Japan’s Peacekeeping at a Crossroads

This open access book examines why Japan discontinued its quarter-century history of troop contribution to UN Peacekeeping Operations (1992–2017). Japan had deployed its troops as UN peacekeepers since 1992, albeit under a constitutional limit on weapons use. Japan’s peacekeepers began to focus on engineering work as its strength, while also trying to relax the constraints on weapons use, although to a minimal extent. In 2017, however, Japan suddenly withdrew its engineering corps from South Sudan, and has contributed no troops since then. Why? The book argues that Japan could not match the increasing “robustness” of recent peacekeeping operations and has begun to seek a new direction, such as capacity-building support

Substrate binding to the inactive mutants of Streptomyces sp. N174 chitosanase: indirect evaluation from the thermal unfolding experiments

AbstractOligosaccharide binding to chitosanase from Streptomyces sp. N174 was indirectly evaluated from thermal unfolding experiments of the protein. Thermal unfolding curves were obtained by fluorescence spectroscopy in the presence of d-glucosamine oligosaccharides ((GlcN)n, n=3,4,5, and 6) using the inactive mutant chitosanase in which the catalytic residue, Glu22, is mutated to glutamine (E22Q), aspartic acid (E22D), or alanine (E22A). The midpoint temperature of the unfolding transition (Tm) of E22Q was found to be 44.4°C at pH 7.0. However, the Tm increased upon the addition of (GlcN)n by 1.3°C (n=3), 2.5°C (n=4), 5.2°C (n=5), or 7.6°C (n=6). No appreciable change in Tm was observed when (GlcNAc)6 was added to E22Q. The effect of (GlcN)n on the thermal stability was examined using the other protein, RNaseT1, but the oligosaccharide did not affect Tm of the protein. Thus, we concluded that the stabilization effect of (GlcN)n on the chitosanase results from specific binding of the oligosaccharides to the substrate binding cleft. When E22D or E22A was used instead of E22Q, the increases in Tm induced by (GlcN)6 binding were 2.7°C for E22D and 4.2°C for E22A. In E22D or E22A, interaction with (GlcN)6 seems to be partly disrupted by a conformational distortion in the catalytic cleft

Non-LTE Line-Formation and Abundances of Sulfur and Zinc in F, G, and K Stars

Extensive statistical-equilibrium calculations on neutral sulfur and zinc were carried out, in order to investigate how the non-LTE effect plays a role in the determination of S and Zn abundances in F, G, and K stars. Having checked on the spectra of representative F-type stars (Polaris, Procyon, and alpha Per) and the Sun that our non-LTE corrections yield a reasonable consistency between the abundances derived from different lines, we tried an extensive non-LTE reanalysis of published equivalent-width data of S I and Zn I lines for metal-poor halo/disk stars. According to our calculations, S I 9212/9228/9237 lines suffer significant negative non-LTE corrections amounting to <~ 0.2--0.3 dex, while LTE is practically valid for S I 8683/8694 lines. Embarrassingly, as far as the very metal-poor regime is concerned, a marked discordance is observed between the [S/Fe] values from these two abundance indicators, in the sense that the former attains a nearly flat plateau (or even a slight downward bending) while the latter shows an ever-increasing trend with a further lowering of metallicity. The reason for this discrepancy is yet to be clarified. Regarding Zn, we almost confirmed the characteristic tendencies of [Zn/Fe] reported from recent LTE studies (i.e., an evident/slight increase of [Zn/Fe] with a decrease of [Fe/H] for very metal-poor/disk stars), since the non-LTE corrections for the Zn I 4722/4810 and 6362 lines (tending to be positive and gradually increasing towards lower [Fe/H]) are quantitatively of less significance (<~ 0.1 dex).Comment: 33 pages, 7 figures, PASJ, Vol. 57, No. 5 (2005) in pres

Japan’s Peacekeeping at a Crossroads

This open access book examines why Japan discontinued its quarter-century history of troop contribution to UN Peacekeeping Operations (1992–2017). Japan had deployed its troops as UN peacekeepers since 1992, albeit under a constitutional limit on weapons use. Japan’s peacekeepers began to focus on engineering work as its strength, while also trying to relax the constraints on weapons use, although to a minimal extent. In 2017, however, Japan suddenly withdrew its engineering corps from South Sudan, and has contributed no troops since then. Why? The book argues that Japan could not match the increasing “robustness” of recent peacekeeping operations and has begun to seek a new direction, such as capacity-building support

Modeling membrane morphological change during autophagosome formation

Autophagy is an intracellular degradation process that is mediated by de novo formation of autophagosomes. Autophagosome formation involves dynamic morphological changes; a disk-shaped membrane cisterna grows, bends to become a cup-shaped structure, and finally develops into a spherical autophagosome. We have constructed a theoretical model that integrates the membrane morphological change and entropic partitioning of putative curvature generators, which we have used to investigate the autophagosome formation process quantitatively. We show that the membrane curvature and the distribution of the curvature generators stabilize disk- and cup-shaped intermediate structures during autophagosome formation, which is quantitatively consistent with in vivo observations. These results suggest that various autophagy proteins with membrane curvature-sensing properties control morphological change by stabilizing these intermediate structures. Our model provides a framework for understanding autophagosome formation.Comment: 33 pages, 8 figure

Cement generations and diagenetic history of the upper Ordovician Cliefden Caves Limestone Group of New South Wales, Australia

Diagenetic features of the upper Ordovician (Caradocian) Cliefden Caves Limestone Group (N. S. W., Australia) were studied by the cathodoluminescence (CL) method, and their relation with depositional environments was discussed. The Cliefden Caves Limestone Group was deposited on a shallow marine carbonate platform developed on a volcanic island. The limestone succession reveals intertidal-subtidal lithofacies and consists of the Fossil Hill, Belubula, and Vandon Limestones, in ascending order. The Fossil Hill Limestone mostly consists of bedded limestone rich in brachiopods and sedentary organisms. The Belubula Limestone is a typical Middle-Upper Ordovician peritidal succession with syn-depositional dolomite and silicified fossil grains. The Vandon Limestone consists of fossiliferous stratified limestone occasionally containing red brown argillaceous limestone beds. The Cliefden Caves Limestone Group was subjected to various diagenetic processes. The investigation of CL is the best or only method to differentiate the diagenetic products. There are at least three cementation stages and a dissolution stage. The cements of the first stage are mainly dull fine-grained (10-30 µm) calcite crystals fringing inter- and intra-granular porosity, which typically indicate a marine phreatic environment. In some specimens of the Belubula Limestone, cement of the first generation exhibits meniscus fabrics suggesting precipitation in a marine vadose environment. The dissolution formed both molds of aragonitic skeletal grains and fabric-unrelated void spaces which can exceed several cm in diameter. Lack of the first generation cement within the dissolution voids indicates that the dissolution postdated the marine cementation. After the dissolution stage, the second cementation precipitated granular calcite crystals composed of non-luminescence, dull, and bright zones in the peripheral order. The relative thickness of non-luminescence and bright zones probably related with a redox condition during their diagenesis. The last generation of cements formed in a deep burial environment, is normally dull and filled almost all remained porosity. This diagenetic history fits to the change of depositional environment which may have been controlled by both of local and global environmental settings

Site-directed Mutagenesis of Evolutionary Conserved Carboxylic Amino Acids in the Chitosanase from Streptomyces sp. N174 Reveals Two Residues Essential for Catalysis

The comparison of four sequences of prokaryotic chitosanases, belonging to the family 46 of glycosyl hydrolases, revealed a conserved N-terminal module of 50 residues, including five invariant carboxylic residues. To verify if some of these residues are important for catalytic activity in the chitosanase from Streptomyces sp. N174, these 5 residues were replaced by site-directed mutagenesis. Substitutions of Glu-22 or Asp-40 with sterically conservative (E22Q, D40N) or functionally conservative (E22D, D40E) residues reduced drastically specific activity and kcat, while Km− was only slightly changed. The other residues examined, Asp-6, Glu-36, and Asp-37, retained significant activity after mutation. Circular dichroism studies of the mutant chitosanases confirmed that the observed effects are not due to changes in secondary structure. These results suggested that Glu-22 and Asp-40 are directly involved in the catalytic center of the chitosanase and the other residues are not essential for catalytic activity