Klassevirus Infection in Children, South Korea

To investigate prevalence and clinical characteristics of klassevirus in South Korea, we performed molecular screening in fecal and nasopharyngeal samples from hospitalized children with gastroenteritis. A total of 26 (8.8%) of 294 fecal samples were positive for klassevirus. Klassevirus may be a possible cause of gastroenteritis

Zonotopal algebra

A wealth of geometric and combinatorial properties of a given linear endomorphism $X$ of $\R^N$ is captured in the study of its associated zonotope $Z(X)$, and, by duality, its associated hyperplane arrangement ${\cal H}(X)$. This well-known line of study is particularly interesting in case n\eqbd\rank X \ll N. We enhance this study to an algebraic level, and associate $X$ with three algebraic structures, referred herein as {\it external, central, and internal.} Each algebraic structure is given in terms of a pair of homogeneous polynomial ideals in $n$ variables that are dual to each other: one encodes properties of the arrangement ${\cal H}(X)$, while the other encodes by duality properties of the zonotope $Z(X)$. The algebraic structures are defined purely in terms of the combinatorial structure of $X$, but are subsequently proved to be equally obtainable by applying suitable algebro-analytic operations to either of $Z(X)$ or ${\cal H}(X)$. The theory is universal in the sense that it requires no assumptions on the map $X$ (the only exception being that the algebro-analytic operations on $Z(X)$ yield sought-for results only in case $X$ is unimodular), and provides new tools that can be used in enumerative combinatorics, graph theory, representation theory, polytope geometry, and approximation theory.Comment: 44 pages; updated to reflect referees' remarks and the developments in the area since the article first appeared on the arXi

Bezsenzorski pogon za vuču s estimatorima u kliznom režimu i MRASCC-u koristeći izravno upravljanje momentom

In the paper two types of speed, torque and flux estimators are described. The Sliding Mode Observer (SMO) and the Model Reference Adaptive System (MRAS) type estimators are applied in the sensorless Direct Torque Control with Space Vector Modulation algorithm (DTC-SVM) of Induction Motor (IM) drive. Dynamical performance of the drive and the estimator properties in field weakening and low speed regions for traction drive system are presented.U članku su opisana dva tipa estimatora brzine, momenta i toka – observer u kliznom režimu (SMO) i adaptivni sustav reference modela (MRAS). Oba tipa estimatora su primijenjena u bezsenzorskom izravnom upravljanju momentom s modulacijom prostornih vektora (DTC-SVM) na pogonu s asinkronim motorom (IM). Prikazane su dinamičke karakteristike pogona i estimatora u režimima slabog polja i male brzine za slijedni sustav

Templating hydrogels

Templating processes for creating polymerized hydrogels are reviewed. The use of contact photonic crystals and of non-contact colloidal crystalline arrays as templates are described and applications to chemical sensing and device fabrication are illustrated. Emulsion templating is illustrated in the formation of microporous membranes, and templating on reverse emulsions and double emulsions is described. Templating in solutions of macromolecules and micelles is discussed and then various applications of hydrogel templating on surfactant liquid crystalline mesophases are illustrated, including a nanoscale analogue of colloidal crystalline array templating, except that the bead array in this case is a cubic array of nonionic micelles. The use of particles as templates in making core-shell and hollow microgel beads is described, as is the use of membrane pores as another illustration of confinement templating

Electrical half-wave rectification at ferroelectric domain walls

Ferroelectric domain walls represent multifunctional 2D-elements with great potential for novel device paradigms at the nanoscale. Improper ferroelectrics display particularly promising types of domain walls, which, due to their unique robustness, are the ideal template for imposing specific electronic behavior. Chemical doping, for instance, induces p- or n-type characteristics and electric fields reversibly switch between resistive and conductive domain-wall states. Here, we demonstrate diode-like conversion of alternating-current (AC) into direct-current (DC) output based on neutral 180$^{\circ}$ domain walls in improper ferroelectric ErMnO$_3$. By combining scanning probe and dielectric spectroscopy, we show that the rectification occurs for frequencies at which the domain walls are fixed to their equilibrium position. The practical frequency regime and magnitude of the output is controlled by the bulk conductivity. Using density functional theory we attribute the transport behavior at the neutral walls to an accumulation of oxygen defects. Our study reveals domain walls acting as 2D half-wave rectifiers, extending domain-wall-based nanoelectronic applications into the realm of AC technology

A Role for the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) in Virulence and Antifungal Susceptibility in Aspergillus fumigatus

Filamentous fungi rely heavily on the secretory pathway, both for the delivery of cell wall components to the hyphal tip and the production and secretion of extracellular hydrolytic enzymes needed to support growth on polymeric substrates. Increased demand on the secretory system exerts stress on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), which is countered by the activation of a coordinated stress response pathway termed the unfolded protein response (UPR). To determine the contribution of the UPR to the growth and virulence of the filamentous fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus, we disrupted the hacA gene, encoding the major transcriptional regulator of the UPR. The ΔhacA mutant was unable to activate the UPR in response to ER stress and was hypersensitive to agents that disrupt ER homeostasis or the cell wall. Failure to induce the UPR did not affect radial growth on rich medium at 37°C, but cell wall integrity was disrupted at 45°C, resulting in a dramatic loss in viability. The ΔhacA mutant displayed a reduced capacity for protease secretion and was growth-impaired when challenged to assimilate nutrients from complex substrates. In addition, the ΔhacA mutant exhibited increased susceptibility to current antifungal agents that disrupt the membrane or cell wall and had attenuated virulence in multiple mouse models of invasive aspergillosis. These results demonstrate the importance of ER homeostasis to the growth and virulence of A. fumigatus and suggest that targeting the UPR, either alone or in combination with other antifungal drugs, would be an effective antifungal strategy

Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome

The sequence of the human genome encodes the genetic instructions for human physiology, as well as rich information about human evolution. In 2001, the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium reported a draft sequence of the euchromatic portion of the human genome. Since then, the international collaboration has worked to convert this draft into a genome sequence with high accuracy and nearly complete coverage. Here, we report the result of this finishing process. The current genome sequence (Build 35) contains 2.85 billion nucleotides interrupted by only 341 gaps. It covers ∼99% of the euchromatic genome and is accurate to an error rate of ∼1 event per 100,000 bases. Many of the remaining euchromatic gaps are associated with segmental duplications and will require focused work with new methods. The near-complete sequence, the first for a vertebrate, greatly improves the precision of biological analyses of the human genome including studies of gene number, birth and death. Notably, the human enome seems to encode only 20,000-25,000 protein-coding genes. The genome sequence reported here should serve as a firm foundation for biomedical research in the decades ahead