Identifying A Unifying Mechanism for the Implementation of Concurrency Abstractions on Multi-Language Virtual Machines

Supporting all known abstractions for concurrent and parallel programming in a virtual machines (VM) is a futile undertaking, but it is required to give programmers appropriate tools and performance. Instead of supporting all abstractions directly, VMs need a unifying mechanism similar to \textttINVOKEDYNAMIC for JVMs. Our survey of parallel and concurrent programming concepts identifies concurrency abstractions as the ones benefiting most from support in a VM. Currently, their semantics is often weakened, reducing their engineering benefits. They require a mechanism to define flexible language guarantees. Based on this survey, we define an ownership-based meta-object protocol as candidate for VM support. We demonstrate its expressiveness by implementing actor semantics, software transactional memory, agents, CSP, and active objects. While the performance of our prototype confirms the need for VM support, it also shows that the chosen mechanism is appropriate to express a wide range of concurrency abstractions in a unified way

Future research directions in acute lung injury: Summary of a National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Working Group

Acute lung injury (ALI) and its more severe form, the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), are syndromes of acute respiratory failure that result from acute pulmonary edema and inflammation. The development of ALI/ARDS is associated with several clinical disorders including direct pulmonary injury from pneumonia and aspiration as well as indirect pulmonary injury from trauma, sepsis, and other disorders such as acute pancreatitis and drug overdose. Although mortality from ALI/ARDS has decreased in the last decade, it remains high. Despite two major advances in treatment, low VT ventilation for ALI/ARDS and activated protein C for severe sepsis (the leading cause of ALI/ARDS), additional research is needed to develop specific treatments and improve understanding of the pathogenesis of these syndromes. The NHLBI convened a working group to develop specific recommendations for future ALI/ARDS research. Improved understanding of disease heterogeneity through use of evolving biologic, genomic, and genetic approaches should provide major new insights into pathogenesis of ALI. Cellular and molecular methods combined with animal and clinical studies should lead to further progress in the detection and treatment of this complex disease

Parasite survey in mouse and rat colonies of Brazilian laboratory animal houses kept under differents sanitary barrier conditions Estudo de parasitos em colônias de ratos e de camundongos em biotérios brasileiros mantidos sob diferentes condições de barreiras sanitárias

A parasitological study was undertaken to determine the health status of 15 mouse and 10 rat colonies bred in 18 Brazilian laboratory animal houses maintained under different sanitary barrier conditions which supply animals for teaching, research purposes and manufacture of biological products for medical or veterinary use. Parasitological methods were used for diagnosis of mites, lices, helminthes and protozoan parasites. A questionnaire was answered by institutions with the intention to obtain information about the existence of barriers against infections and of regular sanitary monitoring program of their colonies. The questionnaire data show that the majority of the animal houses investigated do not possess an efficient sanitary barrier system able to keep animals under controlled health sanitary conditions. Ecto and endoparasite infections are widespread in the colonies and multiple infections were common in animals from most facilities investigated. The prevalences of parasites detected among the mouse and rat colonies of the laboratory animal houses investigated were: Myocoptes musculinus (46.6%), Myobia musculi (26.6%), Radfordia ensifera (13.3%), Syphacia obvelata (86.6%), Aspiculuris tetraptera (60.0%), Hymenolepis nana (53.3%), Spironucleus muris (80.0%), Tritrichomonas muris (80.0%), Giardia muris (66.0%), Entamoeba muris (20.0%), Eimeria sp. (13.3%), Hexamastix muris (26.6%), Poliplax spinulosa (30.0%), Poliplax serrata (10.0%), Radfordia ensifera (30.0%), Syphacia muris (80.0%), Hymenolepis nana (40.0%), Trichosomoides crassicauda (55.5%), Spironucleus muris (90.0%), Tritrichomonas muris (80.0%), Giardia muris (60.0%), Entamoeba muris (80.0%), Eimeria sp. (60.0%) and Hexamastix muris (60.0%).<br>Um estudo parasitológico foi realizado para verificar as condições de saúde de 15 colônias de camundongos e 10 colônias de ratos produzidos em 18 biotérios de instituições brasileiras que fornecem animais para ensino, pesquisa e produção de imunobiológicos de uso médico ou veterinário. Métodos parasitológicos foram utilizados para diagnóstico de ácaros, piolhos, helmintos e protozoários parasitos. Um questionário foi respondido pelas instituições com o intuito de obter informações sobre a existência de barreiras contra infecções e programa de fiscalização sanitária de suas colônias. Os dados do questionário mostram que a maioria dos biotérios analisados não possui um sistema de barreiras sanitárias eficiente capaz de manter animais sob condições sanitárias controladas. Infecções por ecto e endoparasitos são generalizadas nas colônias e a associação de infecções múltiplas foi comum na maioria dos animais dos biotérios analisados. A prevalência dos parasitos detectados entre as colônias de camundongos e de ratos investigadas foi: Myocoptes musculinus (46,6%), Myobia musculi (26,6%), Radfordia ensifera (13,3%), Syphacia obvelata (86,6%), Aspiculuris tetraptera (60,0%), Hymenolepis nana (53,3%), Spironucleus muris (80,0%), Tritrichomonas muris (80,0%), Giardia muris (66,0%), Entamoeba muris (20,0%), Eimeria sp. (13,3%), Hexamastix muris (26,6%), Poliplax spinulosa (30,0%), Poliplax serrata (10,0%), Radfordia ensifera (30,0%), Syphacia muris (80,0%), Hymenolepis nana (40,0%), Trichosomoides crassicauda (55,5%), Spironucleus muris (90,0%), Tritrichomonas muris (80,0%), Giardia muris (60,0%), Entamoeba muris (80,0%), Eimeria sp. (60,0%) e Hexamastix muris (60,0%)