Cambio político y reformas de la salud pública en Brasil. El primer gobierno Vargas (1930-1945)

El objetivo general de este artículo es describir y analizar los cambios en las instituciones y políticas públicas de salud en Brasil durante el Gobierno de Getúlio Vargas (1930 -1945), un periodo poco estudiado por los historiadores de la salud, a pesar de su trascendencia en la historia brasileña del siglo XX. Un aspecto central de este trabajo es la relación que se estableció entre las reformas sanitarias, y los cambios políticos e ideología del régimen instaurado en 1930, marcando permanencias y rupturas en relación al período anterior. Asimismo, se examina el impacto de estas reformas sobre la salud pública en el Brasil contemporáneo

Priority, Invisibility and Eradication: The History of Smallpox and the Brazilian Public Health Agenda

Submitted by Gilberto Hochman ([email protected]) on 2019-07-10T16:34:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 hochman_mh_2_2009.pdf: 567397 bytes, checksum: 8580a61d44b67a5254504a1011602919 (MD5)Approved for entry into archive by Marcus Vinícius Silva ([email protected]) on 2019-12-16T17:32:46Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 hochman_mh_2_2009.pdf: 567397 bytes, checksum: 8580a61d44b67a5254504a1011602919 (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2019-12-16T17:32:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 hochman_mh_2_2009.pdf: 567397 bytes, checksum: 8580a61d44b67a5254504a1011602919 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-04Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Casa de Oswaldo Cruz. Departamento de Pesquisa em História das Ciências e da Saúde. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.This article describes three periods in Brazil's modern history when governmental action was (or was not) taken against smallpox: first, when smallpox control became a priority in the Brazilian sanitary agenda from the nineteenth century to the beginning of the twentieth century; second, when it was rendered politically invisible during decades when greater attention was given to yellow fever and malaria control; third, when it reappeared at the centre of Brazilian health policy in the 1960s until its eventual eradication in 1973. Smallpox control in the latter two periods is suffused with paradox. For example, evidence suggests that the nearly fifty-year absence or lack of policies and agencies to deal with smallpox actually favoured the mobilization of local, national and international resources once the eradication programme was launched in 1966; these new approaches were accelerated from 1969 until the completion of eradication in 1973. Equally paradoxical, it was during the specific context of the military regime after 1964 that the Brazilian health system developed the capacity to mobilize existing but dispersed resources and flexibly to innovate, incorporate, and adapt new policies. Another important element in this period was institutional learning based on other vertical programmes such as the malaria eradication campaign. Although the Brazilian smallpox eradication programme was constrained by international agencies and by bilateral co-operation with the United States, the period after 1964 offered opportunities for the realization of a new and wide-ranging national health capacity including the creation of a national system of epidemiological surveillance and a national childhood immunization programme. It also saw the empowerment of young physicians who would later come to occupy key positions in Brazilian public health and in international health organizations

Reformas, instituições e políticas de saúde no Brasil (1930-1945)

O objetivo geral desse artigo é descrever e analisar de modo sucinto as principais mudanças institucionais e tendências políticas no setor de saúde durante o Primeiro Governo Vargas, em particular na gestão de Gustavo Capanema, no Ministério da Educação e Saúde (1934-1945). Um aspecto enfatizado no artigo é a relação entre as reformas da saúde e as mudanças e ideologia do regime político instaurado em 1930, indicando permanências e rupturas em relação ao período republicano anterior, assim como os impactos dessas reformas sobre a saúde pública no Brasil contemporâneo. Reforms, institutions and health policies in Brazil (1930-1945)Abstract The general aim of this article is to describe and analyse in a concise way the main institutional changes and political tendencies in the health policy field during the First Vargas Government, particularly during Gustavo Capanemas administration at the Ministry of Education and Health (1934- 1945). One aspect emphasised in the article is the relation between the reforms on health and the changes in the ideology of the political regime established in 1930, indicating permanence and discontinuity regarding the previous republican period as well as the impacts of those reforms on public health in contemporary Brazil

Cólera en el vapor Araguaya, 1910: epidemias en la travesía inmigratoria entre Europa, Brasil y Argentina

This article analyzes the Araguaya steamboat’s case, a luxurious ship that left the Southampton Port (England) to Río de Janeiro and Buenos Aires ports in 1910. During the trip there was a cholera outbreak that spread on board only among the third class passengers who were immigrants.In the first part of the article, we explain how traveling conditions in the steerage were decisive for the outbreak. In the second part, we describe the case in detail, from the departure of the ship until its arrival at a quarantine hospital in Brazil. In the early twentieth century, knowledge and techniques of bacteriology began to take part in health protocols ports of South America for diagnosis and control conditions. Under the aegis of the bacteriology, the Araguaya case makes possible a historical questioning of the experience with diseases during the transatlantic voyage of European workers to America in the late 19th and early 20th century.En este artículo se analiza el caso del vapor Araguaya, un transatlántico de lujo que partió del puerto de Southampton (Inglaterra) en 1910 condestino a los puertos de Río de Janeiro y Buenos Aires. Durante el viajehubo una epidemia de cólera a bordo que afectó solo a los pasajeros de tercera clase, todos inmigrantes. De acuerdo con nuestras investigaciones,las condiciones del viaje fueron decisivas para el brote epidémico, lo cual se explica en la primera parte del texto. En la segunda partedescribimos el caso detalladamente, desde la salida del vapor hasta su llegada a un lazareto en Brasil. En las primeras décadas del siglo XX, en los protocolos sanitarios de los puertos de América del Sur se aplicaron los conocimientos y las técnicas de la bacteriología para el diagnósticoy el control de enfermedades. Sobre la égida de la bacteriología, el caso Araguaya posibilita la problematización histórica de la experiencia con la enfermedad durante el viaje transoceánico de los trabajadores europeos hacia las Américas