Physical activity to improve cognition in older adults: can physical activity programs enriched with cognitive challenges enhance the effects? A systematic review and meta-analysis

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The influence of repeated pain stimulation on the emotional aspect of pain: a preliminary study in healthy volunteers

Hiroshi Maeoka, Makoto Hiyamizu, Atsushi Matsuo, Shu Morioka Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Science, Kio University, Koryo-cho, Kitakatsuragi-gun, Nara, Japan Purpose: Pain is a multidimensional experience with sensory-discriminative, cognitive-evaluative, and affective-motivational components. Emotional factors, such as unpleasantness or anxiety, are known to have influence on pain in humans. Repeated painful stimulation has been reported to reduce subjective pain intensity. Nevertheless, there is little evidence of the influence of such stimulation on the emotional factors of pain. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of repeated painful stimulation on the experience of unpleasantness and anxiety. Materials and methods: Eight subjects (six females, two males) volunteered to participate in this study. Subjects received repeated painful stimulation for 3 consecutive days each instance lasting 6 seconds, 60 times per day, on the medial side of the forearm of the nondominant hand. We examined the following items to evaluate changes of responses to painful stimulation: pain thresholds, pain tolerance levels, pain intensities, unpleasantness, and anxiety. Furthermore, pain thresholds and pain tolerance levels were compared between different sites on the ipsilateral and contralateral forearms. Results: No immediate or chronological changes in pain thresholds or pain tolerance levels were observed. Pain intensities were reduced significantly over the 3-day experimental period (P<0.05). On the other hand, there was no great change in unpleasantness during the 3-day period. Anxiety was increased significantly after the painful stimulation compared with that without the painful stimulation and before day 1 of the stimulation (P<0.05). Conclusion: These results suggest that repeated painful stimulation may result in habituation to pain intensities but not habituation to emotional factors. Keywords: anxiety, unpleasantness, pain intensity, habituatio

HOT ELECTRON EFFECTS IN A 2D ELECTRON GAS AT THE GaAs/AlGaAs INTERFACE

On décrit ici les effets de porteurs chauds dans un gaz d'électrons bi-dimensionnel à très haute mobilité. Les caractéristiques V-E et Te déduites expérimentalement nous ont donné des informations importantes. Les effets d'écran dus aux interactions électron-électron sont aussi discutés.Hot electron effects of two dimentional electron gas with ultrahigh mobility are described. V-E characteristics and experimentally derived Te gave us important information. The effects of (e,e) scattering and screening are also discussed