Etude comparative de l’exploitation traditionnelle de la pintade locale (Numida meleagris) dans deux villages, Toêghin et Sambonaye, au Burkina Faso

L’élevage de la pintade se pratique à Sambonaye comme à Toêghin, sans distinction de sexes, respectivement dans les régions du Centre et du Sahel du Burkina Faso. Il comporte dans sa pratique à la fois des avantages et également des inconvénients bien connus des p roducteurs. Cette activité représente, non seulement une source importante de revenus et de protéines pour la population, mais elle répond également à leurs besoins socioculturels. Les produits de cet élevage servent  essentiellement à la vente, à la reproduction, aux dons, à  l’autoconsommation et également aux sacrifices. Les différents  pourcentages affectés à chacun des éléments d’exploitation sont approchés dans cette étude. Cette activité est liée à la saison, car défavorable en saison sèche, elle est favorable à la saison des pluies. Mais, cet élevage connaît malheureusement des contraintes  multifactorielles, parmi lesquelles les contraintes sanitaires qui conduisent à des taux de mortalité très élevés. L’élevage de la pintade revêt plusieurs avantages et inconvénients avec lesquels l’éleveur est obligé de composer tous les jours. Mais les différentes voies d’exploitation de la pintade demeurent variables d’une année à l’autre et d’un village à l’autre.Mots clés : Burkina Faso, avantages, inconvénients, exploitation, pintades

Survie et performances de croissance des pintadeaux en milieu contrôlé au nord du Burkina Faso

Au Burkina Faso, les pintadeaux connaissent une très forte mortalité liée à des causes multifactorielles, et leur vitesse de croissance reste encore méconnue par les techniciens, tant de la recherche que du développement. Cette étude vise à évaluer les performances de croissance et le taux de mortalité des pintadeaux dans les conditions d’élevage améliorées. Le maximum du poids des oeufs incubés est compris dans la catégorie de 40-45 g. Les de mensurations des oeufs ont révélé une longueur moyenne de 47,4 ± 1,428 mm et 38,65 ± 1,08 mm en moyenne pour le grand diamètre. Le taux de mortalité a été de 9,10%, 7,00% et 9,80%  respectivement chez le producteur I, II et III avec une moyenne de 8,63%. Le poids vifs des pintadeaux à l’éclosion est de 26,59 ± 2,77 g pour les deux sexes. Pour les femelles, il est de 27,69 ± 2,18g et de 25,48 ± 3,35 g pour les mâles. La courbe de croissance des femelles est largement au dessus de celle des mâles. Les pintadeaux femelles ont un GMQ de 2,84 g et les pintadeaux mâles de 2,27 g pendant les deux premières semaines. Le Gain Moyen Quotidien est de 3,78 g pendant les quatre mois. Le test révèle un effet positif du protocole sur la mortalité des pintadeaux.Mots-clés : Pintadeaux, mortalité, croissance, Burkina Faso

Influence d'une infection expérimentale à Trypanosoma congolense sur la fonction sexuelle des béliers Djallonké et Sahéliens en zone subhumide

Influence of an experimental Trypanosoma congolense infection on the reproductive function of Djallonké and Sahelian rams in subhumid zone. To measure the effect of African animal trypanosomosis (AAT) on male reproductive function, eight 18-24 month old Djallonké (ID; 31.2 ± 2.95 kg) and Sahelian (IS; 41.7 ± 4.64 kg) rams were infected with 104 Trypanosoma congolense. Eight other Djallonké (CD) and Sahelian (CS) rams with similar bodyweight and ages were used as uninfected controls. Four weeks after infection, ID and IS were treated with a trypanocidal drug, while maintained under observation. The evolution of clinical parameters shows a higher aptitude of Djallonké than Sahelian to control the effects of infection. This interbreed difference in susceptibility to AAT was confirmed by the higher weight losses in IS (-31.3 g) when compared to ID (-12.8 g) as to CD and CS rams. The effect of a T. congolense infection consisted in a decreased libido in IS (33 s) when compared to ID (22.1 s) (P > 0.05). The results indicate a significant effect of breed on ejaculate volume (CS: 1.23 ml vs CD: 0.88 ml; P < 0.05). Otherwise, breed did not significantly affect the other spermatic parameters. CD sperm cells concentration (3,293.4 x 106.ml-1), total abnormality rate (15.3%), dead sperm cells rate (13.9%), mobile sperm cells rate (75.5%), individual (3.76) and mass motilities (3.94) did not differ (P > 0.05) from those of CS (respectively 3,481.7 x 106.ml-1; 17.3%; 12.4%; 74.9%; 3.77; 3.36). However, the later produced 26% more total sperm cells than CD (P > 0.05). The infection reduced ejaculate volume by 15.8 and 14.5%, (P > 0.05), production of total sperm cells by 18.2 and 13.3% (P > 0.05) and the rate of mobile sperm cells by 14.2 and 27.9% (P < 0.05) respectively for Djallonké and Sahelian rams. The results show a dysfunctional state of testicles due to the harmful effects of AAT infection, hence the increase in dead sperm cells by 69.8 and 74.3% (P > 0.05) and in the rate of total abnormal sperm cells by 23.6 and 24.1% (P > 0.05) respectively for ID and IS rams when compared respectively to CD and CS animals. Harmful effects often more pronounced in Sahelian breeds during this experiment could indicate a higher susceptibility of this breed to AAT in comparison with Djallonké. One Sahelian ram died two weeks post-infection and azoospermia was observed in another one six weeks after chemotherapy and the disappearance of parasites from the bloodstream

Effets oestrogéniques du macéré aqueux des feuilles de Holarrhena floribunda (G. Don) Dur & Schinz chez la rate ovariectomisée

Oestrogenic effects of macerated aqueous extracts of the leaves of Holarrhena fl oribunda (G. Don) Dur & Schinz on ovariectomized rat. Estrogenic effects of aqueous extracts of leaves of Holarrhena fl oribunda have been evaluated by uterotrophic assay. Ovariectomized mice were used and treated subcutaneously during seven days with 50, 100, 200 mg.kg-1 doses of Holarrhena fl oribunda and with 100, 200 mg.kg-1 doses of Holarrhena fl oribunda plus 25 mg.kg-1 of oestradiol 17-β. Estrogenic activity was analysed by uterine dry and wet weight, surrenal gland wet weight, vaginal opening, protein and cholesterol level in uteri horn. Administration of extracts to the doses of 100 and 200 mg.kg-1 exhibits increase of uterine dry and wet weight, surrenal gland wet weight, vaginal opening, protein levels and decrease of level of cholesterol in uterine horn. The results suggest that, aqueous extracts of Holarrhena fl oribunda possesses estrogenic type effect. But when 100 and 200 mg.kg-1 of Holarrhena fl oribunda were given alone with 25 mg.kg-1 of estradiol 17-β, the estrogenic effect was slight. These results supposed that H. fl oribunda is a weak phytoestrogen and the aqueous extracts of the leaves behad as partial agonisti

Ethnopharmacological survey of Samburu district, Kenya

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Ethnobotanical pharmacopoeia is confidently used in disease intervention and there is need for documentation and preservation of traditional medical knowledge to bolster the discovery of novel drugs. The objective of the present study was to document the indigenous medicinal plant utilization, management and their extinction threats in Samburu District, Kenya.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Field research was conducted in six divisions of Samburu District in Kenya. We randomly sampled 100 consented interviewees stratified by age, gender, occupation and level of education. We collected plant use data through semi-structured questionnaires; transect walks, oral interviews and focus groups discussions. Voucher specimens of all cited botanic species were collected and deposited at University of Nairobi's botany herbarium.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Data on plant use from the informants yielded 990 citations on 56 medicinal plant species, which are used to treat 54 different animal and human diseases including; malaria, digestive disorders, respiratory syndromes and ectoparasites.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The ethnomedicinal use of plant species was documented in the study area for treatment of both human and veterinary diseases. The local population has high ethnobotanical knowledge and has adopted sound management conservation practices. The major threatening factors reported were anthropogenic and natural. Ethnomedical documentation and sustainable plant utilization can support drug discovery efforts in developing countries.</p

Ecological distribution, morphological characteristics and acute toxicity of aqueous extracts of Holarrhena floribunda (G. Don) Durand & Schinz, Leptadenia hastata (Pers.) Decne and Cassia sieberiana (DC) used by veterinary healers in Burkina Faso

As reproductive disorders were found to be one of the major constraints of livestock improvement in Burkina Faso, an ethno-veterinary survey showed that some plant species are used by traditional veterinary healers as basic components of indigenous recipes to treat them. The ecological locations, the current relative abundance in the area and the acute toxicity of the aqueous extracts of three selected species: Holarrhena floribunda,. Leptadenia hastata and Cassia sieberiana were also investigated. The abundance of the plants was carried out in villages with semi-structured interviews of vet-healers, in-situ observations and then completion with library documentation while the acute toxicity was done in mice. The results showed that LDB50Bs of 495 mg/kg, 24 mg/kg and 1513 mg/kg were observed for Holarrhena floribunda, Cassia sieberiana and Leptadenia hastata respectively. The relative abundance of these species across Burkina Faso is variable. Leptadenia hastata is widely distributed, while Holarrhena floribunda is very scarce because of its high demand. Cassia sieberiana's case is worrisome because the plant's root is the basic material required. The LD quotient and LDB50B obtained for Leptadenia hastata show that the plant is safe to use. Although the LDB50 Bobtained for Holarrhena floribunda is higher than that of Cassia sieberiana their LD quotients did not meet acceptable safety calculated value. However, it is more difficult to get enough crude material of Holarrhena floribunda and Cassia sieberiana. There is, therefore, an urgent need to build a sustainable scheme for these endangered species and their preservation. Key Words: Acute toxicity; Ecology; Relative abundance; Holarrhena floribunda; Leptadenia hastata; Cassia sieberiana. Afr. J. Trad. Comp. Alt. Med. , 2005, 2 (1): 13-2

Prevalence of common gastrointestinal nematode parasites in scavenging pigs of different ages and sexes in eastern centre province, Burkina Faso

The range and infestation intensities of gastrointestinal parasitic nematode species depend on the type of swine production system. The present study focused mainly on nematodes of veterinary importance in scavenging pigs in Burkina Faso, and aimed at determining the prevalence of gastro-intestinal nematode parasites by means of faecal egg per gram (EPG) counts. Between November 2001 and October 2002, faecal samples from 383 pigs of different sexes and ages ( 12 months) were collected from the rectum and examined for gastrointestinal nematodes parasites using the Mc Master method. Of the 383 pigs examined, 91 % were infected by one or more para sites. Ascaris suum (40 %; 100-1 400 EPG) was the most prevalent parasite followed by Strongyloides ransomi (21 %; 100-4 200 EPG), Oesophagostomum spp. (18 %; 100-1 000 EPG), Hyostrongylus rubidus (11 %; 100-1 800 EPG), Globocephalus spp. 10 %; 100-400 EPG) and Trichuris suis (1 %; 100-200 EPG). The prevalence was significantly higher in female pigs (n = 239) than in males. In addition, females excreted significantly (P < 0.05) more eggs in their faeces than males, except in the case of Globocephalus spp. The age of the animal had no effect on the prevalence of A. suum whereas there were significant differences in age categories concerning S. ransomi, H. rubidus, Oesophagostumum spp. and Globocephalus spp. Unexpectedly, the high prevalence of these common parasites was not accompanied by elevated EPG values, which suggests the existence of moderate infestations. The present work indicates that the common nematode infestations in pigs do not necessarily need a systematic herd anthelmintic treatment, as only a small number of worms is required to induce immunity. A further study is needed to formulate appropriate and cost-effective strategies for the control of gastro-intestinal nematode parasites in pigs in Burkina Faso

Enquete sero-epidemiologique sur la tuberculose, la brucellose, la toxoplasmose, la rhinotracheite infectiuse et les salmonelles abortives chez les animaux bresiliens introduits au Bukinafaso

A survey on tuberculosis, brucellosis, bovine infectious rhinotracheitis, toxoplasmosis and abortive salmonellosis has been carried out in Brazilian breeds (Gyr and Gyrolando) introduced in Burkina Faso. The study has concerned two livestock system : The modern system with two herds located in Koubri and Loumbila (rearing station of the Centre National d’Elevage et d’Amélioration Génétique (CNEAG). The traditional system with the agro-pastoral zone’s herd of Kikideni, eastern Burkina Faso. Animals (n = 273) have been tested for the presence of tuberculosis, brucellosis, bovine infectious rhinotrachetis (IBR), toxoplasmosis and salmonellosis.Results have shown a prevalence of 16.42%, 7.32%, 3%, 77.73%, and 76.04%of for brucellosis, tuberculosis, toxoplasmosis, bovine infectious rhinotracheitis and abortive salmonellosis respectively. Results have also revealed a high seroprevalence rate for abortive diseases which are not routinely diagnosed in Burkina Faso such as toxoplasmosis and salmonellosis and the presence of multiple abortive infections within the same animal. This survey suggested systematic control of abortive diseases which could improve animal productivity