Status and potential of bacterial genomics for public health practice : a scoping review

Background: Next-generation sequencing (NGS) is increasingly being translated into routine public health practice, affecting the surveillance and control of many pathogens. The purpose of this scoping review is to identify and characterize the recent literature concerning the application of bacterial pathogen genomics for public health practice and to assess the added value, challenges, and needs related to its implementation from an epidemiologist’s perspective. Methods: In this scoping review, a systematic PubMed search with forward and backward snowballing was performed to identify manuscripts in English published between January 2015 and September 2018. Included studies had to describe the application of NGS on bacterial isolates within a public health setting. The studied pathogen, year of publication, country, number of isolates, sampling fraction, setting, public health application, study aim, level of implementation, time orientation of the NGS analyses, and key findings were extracted from each study. Due to a large heterogeneity of settings, applications, pathogens, and study measurements, a descriptive narrative synthesis of the eligible studies was performed. Results: Out of the 275 included articles, 164 were outbreak investigations, 70 focused on strategy-oriented surveillance, and 41 on control-oriented surveillance. Main applications included the use of whole-genome sequencing (WGS) data for (1) source tracing, (2) early outbreak detection, (3) unraveling transmission dynamics, (4) monitoring drug resistance, (5) detecting cross-border transmission events, (6) identifying the emergence of strains with enhanced virulence or zoonotic potential, and (7) assessing the impact of prevention and control programs. The superior resolution over conventional typing methods to infer transmission routes was reported as an added value, as well as the ability to simultaneously characterize the resistome and virulome of the studied pathogen. However, the full potential of pathogen genomics can only be reached through its integration with high-quality contextual data. Conclusions: For several pathogens, it is time for a shift from proof-of-concept studies to routine use of WGS during outbreak investigations and surveillance activities. However, some implementation challenges from the epidemiologist’s perspective remain, such as data integration, quality of contextual data, sampling strategies, and meaningful interpretations. Interdisciplinary, inter-sectoral, and international collaborations are key for an appropriate genomics-informed surveillance

ISSN: 1693-9050 E-ISSN: 2623-1417 https://jurnal.polsri.ac.id/index.php/kimia/index 55 PROTOTIPE BATERAI BERBASIS KARBON AKTIF DARI BAMBU BETUNG (TINJAUAN PENGARUH KARBON AKTIF DAN ELEKTROLIT DALAM MENINGKATKAN DAYA BATERAI)

Battery is a storage technology electrical energy used for laptops, digital cameras, and cell phones, which are examples of applications that use battery performance. Battery performance involves the transfer of electrons which are conductive. Electron transfer become from the negative electrode (anode) to the positive electrode (cathode), resulting in an electric current and a potential difference. In general the battery system can be classified into two types, that are primary battery system and the secondary battery system. In this research, we use bamboo betung (Dendrocalamus asper) as activated carbon with electrolytes NaCL and NaOH. First, Bamboo Betung which will be carbonized at 500 oC for 2 hours in this furnace is intended to get the best pore for SEM analysis and to increase porosity, the largest measurement result of activated carbon pores is 11.42 μm with 12% KOH activation. Then, the activation was carried out with 1 M KOH with a concentration of 10-12%, then the electrolytes selected were NaOH and 1 M NaCl as much as 5-15 ml. Measurement of voltage and current obtained the smallest power obtained in the measurement of activated carbon 10% KOH with 5 ml NaCL electrolyte of 7.5036 mWatt. The greatest power was obtained in the measurement of activated carbon activated by 12% KOH with 15 ml NaOH electrolyte 103.0336 mWatt

Resident Sentiment: Preliminary Conceptualization and Measurement

Understanding how residents view and react to tourism development is an important topic in tourism literature. To date, most studies focused on the formation and change of locals’ attitudes, whose predictive power to behaviors remains controversial. This study proposes “resident sentiment” as a more encompassing concept to describe local residents’ overall views of tourism development, with attitude as a constituent part. Further, the research team suggests two levels of sentiment: individual sentiment being an internal disposition shaped mainly by private encounters, and public sentiment being shared feelings and reactions resulted from dynamic, multilateral interactions among people. Guided by social exchange and social representations theories, personal experience, social interactions, and destination characteristics are proposed as potential sources of individual sentiment, and mass and social media as a proxy of a community’s public sentiment. A model is proposed to illustrate the determinants and consequences of resident sentiment and interrelationships among key variables

Produksi Gas Hidrogen dari Serbuk Aluminium Limbah Kaleng MinumanMenggunakan Katalis KOH

Permintaan Gas Hidrogen sebagai bahan bakar, proses hidrogenasi, dll semakin besar, bahkan diperkirakan bahwa Gas Hidrogen ini akan dijadikan sumber energi terbarukan pada masa yang akan datang. Hidrogen memiliki potensi untuk dihasilkan melalui teknologi seperti biomassa, air dan bahan bakar fosil. Hidrogen juga dapat dihasilkan dari reaksi antara aluminium dan air. Terdapat berbagai macam jenis logam aluminium seperti aluminium foil, serbuk aluminium dan terdapat juga pada kaleng bekas minuman. Saat ini limbah kaleng minuman menyumbang 80% dari total sampah kota. Oleh karena itu, daur ulang dan penggunaan bahan limbah aluminium ini menarik topik untuk mengurangi pencemaran lingkungan. Akan tetapi limbah aluminium tidak bisa bereaksi dengan air secara langsung dikarenakan adanya lapisan oksida yang menghalangi interaksi antara aluminium dengan air, maka dari itu perlu ditambahkan katalis agar limbah aluminium dapat bereaksi secara spontan dengan air. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah meningkatkan produksi Hidrogen dengan menggunakan bahan utama limbah kaleng bekas minuman dan kalium hidroksida sebagai katalis. Penggunaan kalium hidroksida sebagai katalis dikarenakan kalium hidroksida memproduksi gas hidrogen lebih banyak dibandingkan natrium hidroksida. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan cara mereaksikan serbuk logam aluminium dari limbah kaleng minuman sebanyak 2 g; 2,5 gr; 3 gr dengan aquadest dan katalis KOH 1M; 1,5 M; 2 M; 2,5 M didalam reaktor berpengaduk, yang dilakukan selama 60 menit dengan suhu ruang. Gas Hidrogen tertinggi diperoleh pada berat Aluminium 3 gr dengan konsentrasi Kalium Hidroksida 2,5 M sebesar 4,70 liter. Semakin banyak logam Aluminium dan semakin tinggi konsentrasi Kalium Hidroksida yang digunakan, maka akan menghasilkan Volume Gas Hidrogen yang lebih banyak

Estimating the number needed to treat from continuous outcomes in randomised controlled trials: methodological challenges and worked example using data from the UK Back Pain Exercise and Manipulation (BEAM) trial

Background Reporting numbers needed to treat (NNT) improves interpretability of trial results. It is unusual that continuous outcomes are converted to numbers of individual responders to treatment (i.e., those who reach a particular threshold of change); and deteriorations prevented are only rarely considered. We consider how numbers needed to treat can be derived from continuous outcomes; illustrated with a worked example showing the methods and challenges. Methods We used data from the UK BEAM trial (n = 1, 334) of physical treatments for back pain; originally reported as showing, at best, small to moderate benefits. Participants were randomised to receive 'best care' in general practice, the comparator treatment, or one of three manual and/or exercise treatments: 'best care' plus manipulation, exercise, or manipulation followed by exercise. We used established consensus thresholds for improvement in Roland-Morris disability questionnaire scores at three and twelve months to derive NNTs for improvements and for benefits (improvements gained+deteriorations prevented). Results At three months, NNT estimates ranged from 5.1 (95% CI 3.4 to 10.7) to 9.0 (5.0 to 45.5) for exercise, 5.0 (3.4 to 9.8) to 5.4 (3.8 to 9.9) for manipulation, and 3.3 (2.5 to 4.9) to 4.8 (3.5 to 7.8) for manipulation followed by exercise. Corresponding between-group mean differences in the Roland-Morris disability questionnaire were 1.6 (0.8 to 2.3), 1.4 (0.6 to 2.1), and 1.9 (1.2 to 2.6) points. Conclusion In contrast to small mean differences originally reported, NNTs were small and could be attractive to clinicians, patients, and purchasers. NNTs can aid the interpretation of results of trials using continuous outcomes. Where possible, these should be reported alongside mean differences. Challenges remain in calculating NNTs for some continuous outcomes

Methodological criteria for the assessment of moderators in systematic reviews of randomised controlled trials : a consensus study

Background: Current methodological guidelines provide advice about the assessment of sub-group analysis within RCTs, but do not specify explicit criteria for assessment. Our objective was to provide researchers with a set of criteria that will facilitate the grading of evidence for moderators, in systematic reviews. Method: We developed a set of criteria from methodological manuscripts (n = 18) using snowballing technique, and electronic database searches. Criteria were reviewed by an international Delphi panel (n = 21), comprising authors who have published methodological papers in this area, and researchers who have been active in the study of sub-group analysis in RCTs. We used the Research ANd Development/University of California Los Angeles appropriateness method to assess consensus on the quantitative data. Free responses were coded for consensus and disagreement. In a subsequent round additional criteria were extracted from the Cochrane Reviewers’ Handbook, and the process was repeated. Results: The recommendations are that meta-analysts report both confirmatory and exploratory findings for subgroups analysis. Confirmatory findings must only come from studies in which a specific theory/evidence based apriori statement is made. Exploratory findings may be used to inform future/subsequent trials. However, for inclusion in the meta-analysis of moderators, the following additional criteria should be applied to each study: Baseline factors should be measured prior to randomisation, measurement of baseline factors should be of adequate reliability and validity, and a specific test of the interaction between baseline factors and interventions must be presented. Conclusions: There is consensus from a group of 21 international experts that methodological criteria to assess moderators within systematic reviews of RCTs is both timely and necessary. The consensus from the experts resulted in five criteria divided into two groups when synthesising evidence: confirmatory findings to support hypotheses about moderators and exploratory findings to inform future research. These recommendations are discussed in reference to previous recommendations for evaluating and reporting moderator studies

RANCANG BANGUN TRAY DRYER SISTEM HYBRID (SURYA-HEATER) UNTUK PENGERINGAN IKAN ASIN

Drying process on salted fish is one of the factors that determine the quality of the products produced. Conventional drying has many weaknesses, namely fluctuating heat, poor hygiene and requires a large enough space and can affect product quality. One of alternatives in drying salted fish is using a hybrid system tray dryer with a solar energy source with additional electrical energy (heater). This study aimed to design a tray dryer with hybrid system (solar-heater), obtained the performanced of the dryer based on drying rate, heat transfer and heat efficiency of the hybrid system tray dryer (solar-heater), and obtained salted fish that met the water content standards based on SNI No. 01-2721- 2009. The treatments varied were drying time of 60 minutes, 120 minutes, 180 minutes, 240 minutes and 300 minutes and the variations of drying temperature of 60oC, 70oC and 80oC. The results showed that the optimum drying conditions were drying using temperature of 70oC with a drying time of 300 minutes, a moisture content of 31.2%, a drying rate of 0.1492 kg/hour m2, a conduction heat transfer rate is 52.01 J, a convection heat transfer rate is 71.15 J, a radiation heat transfer rate is 0.048 J and heat efficiency of 53.28%

Impact of Age and Body Site on Adult Female Skin Surface pH

Background: pH is known as an important parameter in epidermal barrier function and homeostasis. Aim: The impact of age and body site on skin surface pH (pH(SS)) of women was evaluated in vivo. Methods: Time domain dual lifetime referencing with luminescent sensor foils was used for pH(SS) measurements. pH(SS) was measured on the forehead, the temple, and the volar forearm of adult females (n = 97, 52.87 +/- 18.58 years, 20-97 years). Every single measurement contained 2,500 pH values due to the luminescence imaging technique used. Results: pH(SS) slightly increases with age on all three investigated body sites. There are no significant differences in pH(SS) between the three investigated body sites. Conclusion: Adult pH(SS) on the forehead, the temple and the volar forearm increases slightly with age. This knowledge is crucial for adapting medical skin care products. Copyright (C) 2012 S. Karger AG, Base

Mapping the inhomogeneous electrochemical reaction through porous LiFePO<inf>4</inf>-electrodes in a standard coin cell battery

[Image - see article] Nanosized, carbon-coated LiFePO4 (LFP) is a promising cathode for Li-ion batteries. However, nano-particles are problematic for electrode design, optimized electrodes requiring high tap densities, good electronic wiring, and a low tortuosity for efficient Li diffusion in the electrolyte in between the solid particles, conditions that are difficult to achieve simultaneously. Using in situ energy-dispersive X-ray diffraction, we map the evolution of the inhomogeneous electrochemical reaction in LFP-electrodes. On the first cycle, the dynamics are limited by Li diffusion in the electrolyte at a cycle rate of C/7. On the second cycle, there appear to be two rate-limiting processes: Li diffusion in the electrolyte and electronic conductivity through the electrode. Three-dimensional modeling based on porous electrode theory shows that this change in dynamics can be reproduced by reducing the electronic conductivity of the composite electrode by a factor of 8 compared to the first cycle. The poorer electronic wiring could result from the expansion and contraction of the particles upon cycling and/or the formation of a solid-electrolyte interphase layer. A lag was also observed perpendicular to the direction of the current: the LFP particles at the edges of the cathode reacted preferentially to those in the middle, owing to the closer proximity to the electrolyte source. Simulations show that, at low charge rates, the reaction becomes more uniformly distributed across the electrode as the porosity or the width of the particle-size distribution is increased. However, at higher rates, the reaction becomes less uniform and independent of the particle-size distribution.We acknowledge the Engineering Physical Science Research Council (EPSRC) for a Doctoral Training Account Award (for FCS) and the US Department of Energy (DOE) for support via the NECCES, an Energy Frontier Research Center (DE-SC0001294 and DE-SC0012583). FCS acknowledges the Science and Technology Facilities Council for travel funding through the Global Challenge Network in Batteries and Electrochemical Energy Devices. Synchrotron X-ray beamtime was provided by Diamond Light Source, under experiment number EE8385. We also thank Zlatko Saracevic at the Department of Chemical Engineering at the University of Cambridge for help with the BET experiments and Jon Rickard at the Department of Physics at the University of Cambridge for help with the SEM. Lastly; we thank Charles Monroe and Paul Shearing for discussions on this project.This is the final version of the article. It first appeared from ACS Publications via http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cm504317