子どもを持ち仕事を続ける夫婦が執る育児・家事行動に関する研究(その1)

With recent increase in the employment rate of women, the numbers of women working after marriage and having babies are increasing. For management of their work and family life, the husband\u27s cooperation is indispensable. Studies on fathers have been recently increasing, but they are still are insufficient compared to those on mothers. In this study, we investigated the involvement of couples and their task share in childcare and housework using questionnaires of 135 couples whose children were cared for in 3 nurseries in Toyama Prefecture, and analyzed differences in recognition between fathers and mothers. Of the women in their 30s who cared for their children, the traditional concept of GENDER (husband dominance, man- dominance, work for men and housework for women) was considered to be wrong m 31.9% partially right in 59.3% largely right in 7.4%, and right in 1.5%. Their working types were part-time jobs (26.2%), self-employment (11.1%), and full-time jobs (62.2%). After day nurseries, some women asked their mother-in-law or own mother to care for their children, and a small number of mother utilized prolonged care in the nurseries. Husbands were found to be more involved in playing and chatting with children, cuddling, sending the children to the nurseries and collecting, and shopping than in order childcare and household work, but none of them reached the levels that their wives expected.近年, 女性の就業承が高まり, 結婚・出産後も継続して働く,人,が増えている.そのような中で女性が仕事と家庭をうまく両立させていくためには, 夫の協力が不可欠である.最近, 父親研究が脚光を浴びはじめたものの, 母親研究ほど十分には行なわれていない.本研究は, 富山県内3ヶ所の保育施設に子どもを預けている135組の夫婦の日常から両者の育児・家事への関わりと分担の実像を探り, それに対する両者間の認識について調査し, 分析したものである.その結果, 現在子育て中の30代の女性は, 『ジェンダー』(伝統的性別認識による夫中心, 男性上位, 男は仕事・女は家庭)に対する考え方について, 「全然思わない」と答えた人が31.9%, 「いくらかそう思う」人が59.3%, 「かなりそうだと思う」人が7.4%, 「全くそうだと思う」1.5%であった.母親の就業形態は, パート勤務が26.2%, 自営業が11.1%, フルタイム勤務の人が62.2%あり, この人たちは, 保育所終了後は夫の母や実家の母に子どもを見てもらっており, 少数だが延長保育を利用している人もあった.夫の育児・家事に関わる行動では, 子どもの遊びの相手や話し相手, 抱っこ, 保育園の送り迎えと買い物に比較的多く関わりが見られたものの, 妻の期待するレベルまでにはどの項目も到達していない状況にあることが分かった

Effective treatment with mitotane for a canine case of presumed ectopic Cushing’s syndrome-related pheochromocytoma

Background: In humans, ectopic Cushing’s syndrome (ECS) is characterized by hypercortisolemia, which is caused by small lung carcinoma, bronchial carcinoids, and pheochromocytoma. In dogs, only a few cases of ECS associated with pheochromocytoma have been reported to date. Case Description: Herein, we describe a canine case of malignant pheochromocytoma that is presumed to be the cause of ECS. An 11-year-old, castrated, male Toy Poodle with hypercortisolemia was diagnosed with an adrenal tumor (AT) and treated with mitotane. Although repeated adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulation tests revealed improvement in the dog’s condition by mitotane treatment, its condition started declining 197 days post-diagnosis, and he died on day 280. The necropsy revealed the AT was a pheochromocytoma, not an adrenocortical tumor. However, because of no pathological change in the pituitary gland and the other adrenal gland, pheochromocytoma was presumed to be the cause of ECS. Conclusion: This is the first report that describes the effectiveness of mitotane against presumed ECS-related pheochromocytoma

An Analysis of Factors that Exacerbate Asthma, Based on a Japanese Questionnaire

ABSTRACTBackgroundIt is known that a wide variety of factors exacerbate asthma; however, few studies have investigated the factors that exacerbate asthma from a patient's perspective. The aim of this study was to analyze the factors that exacerbate asthma, based on a questionnaire completed by asthma patients in Niigata Prefecture.MethodsBased on questionnaires given to 3085 patients who visited the medical institutes in the Niigata Prefecture monthly from September through October 2006, groups stratified by sex, age, disease type and disease severity, were analyzed for factors contributing to asthma exacerbation, as described in the guideline of the Japanese Society of Allergology.ResultsThe leading exacerbating factor chosen by patients was a change in the weather, followed by smoking, allergen exposure, fatigue, stimulants, and air pollutants. Respiratory infection, widely recognized as a critical factor of severe exacerbation, was ranked seventh. Allergen exposure and air pollutants were prominent in younger individuals, whereas respiratory infection tended to be more common in elderly subjects. Allergen exposure, air pollutants, and exercise were significantly more common in atopic-type patients, in contrast with respiratory infection in non-atopic-type patients. According to multiple regression analysis, poor asthma control during the last one year was associated with changes in the weather, whereas the non-atopic disease type was related to exacerbation by respiratory infection. Current smoking was associated with both factors.ConclusionsMany factors exacerbate asthma, depending on the individual case and his/her background. These data suggest that changes in the weather may be more important factor for patients in asthma exacerbation

Synthetic Studies of Psilocin Analogs Having Either a Formyl Group or Bromine Atom at the 5- or 7-Position

Psilocin analogs having either a formyl group (9—12) or a bromine atom (13—18) at the 5- or 7-position have been prepared for the first time. Syntheses of 5- and 7-bromo derivatives of 4-hydroxy- (23, 24, 28) and 4-benzyloxyindole-3-carbaldehyde (19, 25, 29, 30), 4-benzyloxyindole-3-acetonitriles (20, 31), and 4-benzyloxy-N, N-dimethyltryptamine (32, 34, 35) have also been established

Supersaturated state of diazepam injection following dilution with infusion fluid

BackgroundSignificant precipitation produced by the dilution of diazepam (DZP) injection with an infusion fluid is a great concern for the clinical practice. In this study, the precipitation behavior under different conditions was investigated.MethodFor the sample preparation, DZP injections (Horizon injection and Cercine injection) were diluted with various infusion fluids (Saline, 5% glucose infusion fluid and Soldem 3A) at designated dilution ratios ranging from 1× to 40× (5 mg/mL to 0.125 mg/mL). In addition, to measure the solubility of DZP in the samples, the saturated solutions of DZP were prepared. The DZP concentrations in the samples were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). This study also investigated the precipitate using various analytical methods: infrared microscopy, 1H-NMR, differential scanning calorimetry, and powder X-ray deflection.ResultsFirst, the compatibility of injection with infusion fluids was investigated. Significant precipitation occurred at dilution ratios ranging from 2× to 20×. No significant effects of formulations and infusion fluids on the compatibility were observed. The solubility of DZP was then further investigated. The concentration of DZP dissolved in the admixtures was higher than the solubility. This indicated that DZP existed in a supersaturated state in the infusion fluid admixtures. In the next phase of this study, the precipitate was investigated using various analytical methods. Results showed that the precipitate in infusion fluid admixtures was mostly composed of DZP, but also contained small amounts of the ingredients of DZP injection, such as benzoic acid and benzyl alcohol.ConclusionsThis study clarified details of the precipitation occurring after dilution of DZP injection with infusion fluids. It is worth noting that DZP in an infusion admixture existed in a supersaturated state. These findings offer important insight into the clinical practice of DZP injection

Effect of Hydrogen Peroxide and High Glucose on the Glucose Metabolism of Lymphoma-derived U937 Cells

Our study aimed to clarify specific oxidative stress and glucose metabolic disorders in hemodialysis patients, by examining hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) - and high glucose-induced oxidative stress, glucose transport and the failure of glycolysis. As an in vitro blood cell model of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in patients with diabetes, human monocytic U937 cells of malignant lymphoma origin were exposed to high glucose (28.9mM) for 6 days, with 5mM H2O2 added on the last day. The generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), glucose levels, lactate levels, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activity and Glut4 levels were examined. Exposure of U937 cells to H2O2 resulted in a significant increase in intracellular ROS generation and glucose levels. Under high glucose conditions, treatment with H2O2 significantly promoted these actions. In H2O2-induced U937 cells, AMPK activity and Glut4 levels were significantly increased, but lactate and pyruvate levels were significantly decreased. Thus, exposure of U937 cells to H2O2 and a high glucose load promoted an increase in intracellular ROS, and exposure to H2O2 induced increased glucose transport and high intracellular glucose due to reduced glycolytic metabolism. This suggests that reduced glycolytic metabolism might be induced in states of high oxidative stress in hemodialysis patients with diabetes