Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Eksportir Akibat Pembatalan Letter Of Credit Oleh Importir

Skripsi ini membahas tentang permasalahan Perlindungan Hukum terhadap Eksportir Akibat Pembatalan Letter of Credit (L/C) oleh Importir. Pilihan tema tersebut dilatarbelakangi oleh adanya jenis Letter of Credit yang dapat dibatalkan secara sepihak oleh importir, sehingga hal tersebut sangat beresiko akan menimbulkan sengketa yang dapat merugikan pihak eksportir. Tidak adanya aturan yang tegas mengenai persoalan tersebut menjadikan ada kekosongan hukum ketika timbul sengketa akibat pembatalan L/C. Berdasarkan hal tersebut di atas, masalah yang akan dibahas dirumuskan sebagai berikut : (1) Bagaimana akibat hukum terhadap para pihak ketika ada pembatalan terhadap Letter of Credit (L/C) oleh importir? Dan (2) Bagaimanakah perlindungan hukum terhadap eksportir ketika Letter of Credit (L/C) dibatalkan oleh importir? Pendekatan yang digunakan untuk menganalisis masalah yang ada adalah pendekatan perundang-undangan (statute approach). Adapun teknik analisis yang dilakukan; bahan hukum primer, sekunder, dan tersier yang diperoleh dianalisis secara kualitatif, yaitu melakukan pembahasan terhadap bahan hukum yang telah didapat dengan mengacu kepada landasan teoritis yang ada. Selanjutnya, hasil penelitian tersebut dipaparkan secara deskriptif guna memperoleh gambaran yang dapat dipahami secara jelas dan terarah untuk menjawab permasalahan yang diteliti. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dan temuan yang ada, penulis memperoleh jawaban bahwa pembatalan Letter of Credit (L/C) oleh importir akan menimbulkan akibatakibat hukum terhadap eksportir. Pembatalan L/C akan mengakibatkan lenyapnya suatu hubungan hukum antara eksportir dengan bank pembuka L/C yang menjamin pembayaran atas barang yang diekspornya. Selain itu, pembatalan L/C dapat mengakibatkan berubahnya atau bahkan lenyapnya hubungan hukum antara eksportir dan importir. Oleh sebab itu, Pembatalan Letter of Credit (L/C) oleh importir secara sepihak akan menimbulkan suatu permasalahan yaitu terancamnya pemenuhan hak eksportir untuk menerima pembayaran tepat pada waktunya atau bahkan tidak menerima pembayaran sama sekali dari pihak importir. Sehingga dapat dikatakan bahwa pembatalan L/C akan membuat pihak eksportir memiliki resiko yang lebih besar atas kemungkinan adanya kerugian yang terjadi. Perlindungan hukum wajib diberikan kepada pihak eksportir untuk meminimalkan resiko yang akan timbul. Akan tetapi, setelah meninjau peraturanperaturan yang ada, baik dalam dalam perspektif hukum internasional maupun hukum nasional yang mengatur secara khusus mengenai L/C, tidak terdapat aturan yang memberikan perlindungan hukum terhadap eksportir ketika ada pembatalan Revocable L/C oleh importir. Hal tersebut akan menyulitkan hakim atau lembaga arbitrase dalam memberikan perlindungan hukum terhadap 8 eksportir apabila choice of law yang dipilih para pihak dalam kontrak penjualan (sales contract) adalah hukum positif Indonesia

Accelerating Medicines Partnership® Schizophrenia (AMP® SCZ): Rationale and Study Design of the Largest Global Prospective Cohort Study of Clinical High Risk for Psychosis.

This article describes the rationale, aims, and methodology of the Accelerating Medicines Partnership® Schizophrenia (AMP® SCZ). This is the largest international collaboration to date that will develop algorithms to predict trajectories and outcomes of individuals at clinical high risk (CHR) for psychosis and to advance the development and use of novel pharmacological interventions for CHR individuals. We present a description of the participating research networks and the data processing analysis and coordination center, their processes for data harmonization across 43 sites from 13 participating countries (recruitment across North America, Australia, Europe, Asia, and South America), data flow and quality assessment processes, data analyses, and the transfer of data to the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Data Archive (NDA) for use by the research community. In an expected sample of approximately 2000 CHR individuals and 640 matched healthy controls, AMP SCZ will collect clinical, environmental, and cognitive data along with multimodal biomarkers, including neuroimaging, electrophysiology, fluid biospecimens, speech and facial expression samples, novel measures derived from digital health technologies including smartphone-based daily surveys, and passive sensing as well as actigraphy. The study will investigate a range of clinical outcomes over a 2-year period, including transition to psychosis, remission or persistence of CHR status, attenuated positive symptoms, persistent negative symptoms, mood and anxiety symptoms, and psychosocial functioning. The global reach of AMP SCZ and its harmonized innovative methods promise to catalyze the development of new treatments to address critical unmet clinical and public health needs in CHR individuals

Impact of COVID-19 on Cardiovascular Testing in the United States Versus the Rest of the World

Objectives: This study sought to quantify and compare the decline in volumes of cardiovascular procedures between the United States and non-U.S. institutions during the early phase of the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted the care of many non-COVID-19 illnesses. Reductions in diagnostic cardiovascular testing around the world have led to concerns over the implications of reduced testing for cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality. Methods: Data were submitted to the INCAPS-COVID (International Atomic Energy Agency Non-Invasive Cardiology Protocols Study of COVID-19), a multinational registry comprising 909 institutions in 108 countries (including 155 facilities in 40 U.S. states), assessing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on volumes of diagnostic cardiovascular procedures. Data were obtained for April 2020 and compared with volumes of baseline procedures from March 2019. We compared laboratory characteristics, practices, and procedure volumes between U.S. and non-U.S. facilities and between U.S. geographic regions and identified factors associated with volume reduction in the United States. Results: Reductions in the volumes of procedures in the United States were similar to those in non-U.S. facilities (68% vs. 63%, respectively; p = 0.237), although U.S. facilities reported greater reductions in invasive coronary angiography (69% vs. 53%, respectively; p < 0.001). Significantly more U.S. facilities reported increased use of telehealth and patient screening measures than non-U.S. facilities, such as temperature checks, symptom screenings, and COVID-19 testing. Reductions in volumes of procedures differed between U.S. regions, with larger declines observed in the Northeast (76%) and Midwest (74%) than in the South (62%) and West (44%). Prevalence of COVID-19, staff redeployments, outpatient centers, and urban centers were associated with greater reductions in volume in U.S. facilities in a multivariable analysis. Conclusions: We observed marked reductions in U.S. cardiovascular testing in the early phase of the pandemic and significant variability between U.S. regions. The association between reductions of volumes and COVID-19 prevalence in the United States highlighted the need for proactive efforts to maintain access to cardiovascular testing in areas most affected by outbreaks of COVID-19 infection

Physicians' guideline adherence is associated with long-term heart failure mortality in outpatients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: the QUALIFY international registry

Background: Physicians' adherence to guideline-recommended therapy is associated with short-term clinical outcomes in heart failure (HF) with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). However, its impact on longer-term outcomes is poorly documented. Here, we present results from the 18-month follow-up of the QUALIFY registry. Methods and results: Data at 18 months were available for 6118 ambulatory HFrEF patients from this international prospective observational survey. Adherence was measured as a continuous variable, ranging from 0 to 1, and was assessed for five classes of recommended HF medications and dosages. Most deaths were cardiovascular (CV) (228/394) and HF-related (191/394) and the same was true for unplanned hospitalizations (1175 CV and 861 HF-related hospitalizations, out of a total of 1541). According to univariable analysis, CV and HF deaths were significantly associated with physician adherence to guidelines. In multivariable analysis, HF death was associated with adherence level [subdistribution hazard ratio (SHR) 0.93, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.87–0.99 per 0.1 unit adherence level increase; P = 0.034] as was composite of HF hospitalization or CV death (SHR 0.97, 95% CI 0.94–0.99 per 0.1 unit adherence level increase; P = 0.043), whereas unplanned all-cause, CV or HF hospitalizations were not (all-cause: SHR 0.99, 95% CI 0.9–1.02; CV: SHR 0.98, 95% CI 0.96–1.01; and HF: SHR 0.99, 95% CI 0.96–1.02 per 0.1 unit change in adherence score; P = 0.52, P = 0.2, and P = 0.4, respectively). Conclusion: These results suggest that physicians' adherence to guideline-recommended HF therapies is associated with improved outcomes in HFrEF. Practical strategies should be established to improve physicians' adherence to guidelines. © 2019 The Authors. European Journal of Heart Failure © 2019 European Society of Cardiolog

Measurement of K*(892)(+/-) production in inelastic pp collisions at the LHC

The first results on K⁎(892)± resonance production in inelastic pp collisions at LHC energies of s=5.02, 8, and 13 TeV are presented. The K⁎(892)± has been reconstructed via its hadronic decay channel K⁎(892)→±KS0+π± with the ALICE detector. Measurements of transverse momentum distributions, pT-integrated yields, and mean transverse momenta for charged K⁎(892) are found to be consistent with previous ALICE measurements for neutral K⁎(892) within uncertainties. For pT>1 GeV/c the K⁎(892)± transverse momentum spectra become harder with increasing centre-of-mass energy from 5.02 to 13 TeV, similar to what previously observed for charged kaons and pions. For pT<1 GeV/c the K⁎(892)± yield does not evolve significantly and the abundance of K⁎(892)± relative to K is rather independent of the collision energy. The transverse momentum spectra, measured for K⁎(892)± at midrapidity in the interval 0 < pT<15 GeV/c, are not well described by predictions of different versions of PYTHIA 6, PYTHIA 8 and EPOS-LHC event generators. These generators reproduce the measured pT-integrated K⁎±/K ratios and describe well the momentum dependence for pT<2 GeV/c

Measurement of prompt D-s(+)-meson production and azimuthal anisotropy in Pb-Pb collisions at root s(NN)=5.02 TeV

The production yield and angular anisotropy of prompt Ds+ mesons were measured as a function of transverse momentum (pT) in Pb–Pb collisions at a centre-of-mass energy per nucleon pair sNN=5.02TeV collected with the ALICE detector at the LHC. Ds+ mesons and their charge conjugates were reconstructed at midrapidity (|y|10GeV/c, the measured Ds+-meson nuclear modification factor RAA is consistent with the one of non-strange D mesons within uncertainties, while at lower pT a hint for a Ds+-meson RAA larger than that of non-strange D mesons is seen. The enhanced production of Ds+ relative to non-strange D mesons is also studied by comparing the pT-dependent Ds+/D0 production yield ratios in Pb–Pb and in pp collisions. The ratio measured in Pb–Pb collisions is found to be on average higher than that in pp collisions in the interval 2<pT<8GeV/c with a significance of 2.3σ and 2.4σ for the 0–10% and 30–50% centrality intervals. The azimuthal anisotropy coefficient v2 of prompt Ds+ mesons was measured in Pb–Pb collisions in the 30–50% centrality interval and is found to be compatible with that of non-strange D mesons. The main features of the measured RAA, Ds+/D0 ratio, and v2 as a function of pT are described by theoretical calculations of charm-quark transport in a hydrodynamically expanding quark–gluon plasma including hadronisation via charm-quark recombination with light quarks from the medium. The pT-integrated production yield of Ds+ mesons is compatible with the prediction of the statistical hadronisation model