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Number of Pages: 1Integrative BiologyGeological Science
Neptune's Migration into a Stirred-Up Kuiper Belt: A Detailed Comparison of Simulations to Observations
Nbody simulations are used to examine the consequences of Neptune's outward
migration into the Kuiper Belt, with the simulated endstates being compared
rigorously and quantitatively to the observations. These simulations confirm
the findings of Chiang et al. (2003), who showed that Neptune's migration into
a previously stirred-up Kuiper Belt can account for the Kuiper Belt Objects
(KBOs) known to librate at Neptune's 5:2 resonance. We also find that capture
is possible at many other weak, high-order mean motion resonances, such as the
11:6, 13:7, 13:6, 9:4, 7:3, 12:5, 8:3, 3:1, 7:2, and the 4:1. The more distant
of these resonances, such as the 9:4, 7:3, 5:2, and the 3:1, can also capture
particles in stable, eccentric orbits beyond 50 AU, in the region of phase
space conventionally known as the Scattered Disk. Indeed, 90% of the simulated
particles that persist over the age of the Solar System in the so-called
Scattered Disk zone never had a close encounter with Neptune, but instead were
promoted into these eccentric orbits by Neptune's resonances during the
migration epoch. This indicates that the observed Scattered Disk might not be
so scattered. This model also produced only a handful of Centaurs, all of which
originated at Neptune's mean motion resonances in the Kuiper Belt. We also
report estimates of the abundances and masses of the Belt's various
subpopulations (e.g., the resonant KBOs, the Main Belt, and the so-called
Scattered Disk), and also provide upper limits on the abundance of Centaurs and
Neptune's Trojans, as well as upper limits on the sizes and abundances of
hypothetical KBOs that might inhabit the a>50 AU zone.Comment: 60 pages, 16 figures. Accepted for publication in the Astronomical
Journa
Casting a wide net: use of diverse model organisms to advance toxicology
© The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Hahn, M. E., & Sadler, K. C. Casting a wide net: use of diverse model organisms to advance toxicology. Disease Models & Mechanisms, 13, (2020): dmm.043844, doi: 10.1242/dmm.043844.Toxicology – the study of how chemicals interact with biological systems – has clear relevance to human health and disease. Persistent exposure to natural and synthetic chemicals is an unavoidable part of living on our planet; yet, we understand very little about the effects of exposure to the vast majority of chemicals. While epidemiological studies can provide strong statistical inference linking chemical exposure to disease, research in model systems is essential to elucidate the mechanisms of action and to predict outcomes. Most research in toxicology utilizes a handful of mammalian models that represent a few distinct branches of the evolutionary tree. This narrow focus constrains the understanding of chemical-induced disease processes and systems that have evolved in response to exposures. We advocate for casting a wider net in environmental toxicology research to utilize diverse model systems, including zebrafish, and perform more mechanistic studies of cellular responses to chemical exposures to shift the perception of toxicology as an applied science to that of a basic science. This more-inclusive perspective will enrich the field and should remain central to research on chemical-induced disease.K.C.S. acknowledges support from the National Institutes of Health (NIH)(5R01AA018886). M.E.H. acknowledges support from the National Institute ofEnvironmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) through the Boston University SuperfundResearch Program (P42ES007381) and the Woods Hole Center for Oceans andHuman Health (NIEHS grant P01ES028938 and National Science Foundation grantOCE-1840381)
How closely do baryons follow dark matter on large scales?
We investigate the large-scale clustering and gravitational interaction of
baryons and dark matter (DM) over cosmic time using a set of collisionless
N-body simulations. Both components, baryons and DM, are evolved from distinct
primordial density and velocity power spectra as predicted by early-universe
physics. We first demonstrate that such two-component simulations require an
unconventional match between force and mass resolution (i.e. force softening on
at least the mean particle separation scale). Otherwise, the growth on any
scale is not correctly recovered because of a spurious coupling between the two
species at the smallest scales. With these simulations, we then demonstrate how
the primordial differences in the clustering of baryons and DM are
progressively diminished over time. In particular, we explicitly show how the
BAO signature is damped in the spatial distribution of baryons and imprinted in
that of DM. This is a rapid process, yet it is still not fully completed at low
redshifts. On large scales, the overall shape of the correlation function of
baryons and DM differs by 2% at z = 9 and by 0.2% at z = 0. The differences in
the amplitude of the BAO peak are approximately a factor of 5 larger: 10% at z
= 9 and 1% at z = 0. These discrepancies are, however, smaller than effects
expected to be introduced by galaxy formation physics in both the shape of the
power spectrum and in the BAO peak, and are thus unlikely to be detected given
the precision of the next generation of galaxy surveys. Hence, our results
validate the standard practice of modelling the observed galaxy distribution
using predictions for the total mass clustering in the Universe.Comment: 9 pages, 6 figures. Replaced with version published in MNRA
Field dependence of gaseous ion mobility: Test of approximate formulas
The accuracies of three approximate formulas were tested by comparison with special cases for which accurate results could be found. The Wannier free flight theory was found to be superior, and can be extended to yield a formula without further adjustable constants that gives an exact result at low electric fields and good results at medium and high fields. It is applicable for any ion neutral force law and mass ratio
Long-term evolution of 1991 DA: A dynamically evolved extinct Halley-type comet
The long-term dynamical evolution of 21 variational orbits for the intermediate-period asteroid 1991 DA was followed for up to +/-10(exp 5) years from the present. 1991 DA is close to the 2:7 resonance with Jupiter; it has avoided close encounters, within 1 AU, with this planet for at least the past 30,000 years, even at the node crossing. The future evolution typically shows no close encounters with Jupiter within at least 50,000 years. This corresponds to the mean time between node crossings with either Jupiter or Saturn. Close encounters with Saturn and Jupiter lead to a chaotic evolution for the whole ensemble, while secular perturbations cause large-amplitude swings in eccentricity and inclination (the latter covering the range 15 deg approximately less than i approximately less than 85 deg) which correlate with deep excursions of the perihelion distance to values much less than 1 AU. These variations are similar to those found in P/Machholz and a variety of other high-inclination orbits, e.g., P/Hartley-IRAS. We emphasize the connection between the orbital evolution of 1991 DA and that of Halley-type comets. If 1991 DA was once a comet, it is not surprising that it is now extinct
FARM BUSINESS GOALS AND COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE
This paper investigates empirically the relationship between both farm business goals and sources of competitive advantage, and various farm and producer characteristics using new primary data collected from a survey of Ohio farmers. Results show that most farmers do not recognize sources of competitive advantage and practice strategy implementation beyond reliance on longstanding paradigms for success within the context of government farm program support and the use of traditional risk management tools. However, several key insights emerge. Farmers who engage in cost leadership strategies are more profitable. Farmers who suggest that the goal of their farming operation is to enhance profitability/efficiency use more management tools, while lifestyle farmers use fewer. Larger farmers are more apt to engage in a cost leadership strategy, while those with higher debt-to-asset ratios and those that are more livestock oriented are more likely to engage in differentiation or focus strategies. Smaller farmers and those that produce specialty or value-added crops are more likely to focus on a particular niche market. Lastly, the use of the Internet as part of the farming operation does not influence the probability of engaging in any particular business strategy. It is apparent that the government farm program has contributed to a strategic where few producers have an explicit or implicit farm business strategy beyond "working the program" and acting as price takers. Or if a strategic choice is apparent, it rests primarily with cost leadership.Farm Management,
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