330 research outputs found
Ab initio density functional investigation of B_24 cluster: Rings, Tubes, Planes, and Cages
We investigate the equilibrium geometries and the systematics of bonding in
various isomers of a 24-atom boron cluster using Born-Oppenheimer molecular
dynamics within the framework of density functional theory. The isomers studied
are the rings, the convex and the quasiplanar structures, the tubes and, the
closed structures. A staggered double-ring is found to be the most stable
structure amongst the isomers studied. Our calculations reveal that a 24-atom
boron cluster does form closed 3-d structures. All isomers show staggered
arrangement of nearest neighbor atoms. Such a staggering facilitates
hybridization in boron cluster. A polarization of bonds between the peripheral
atoms in the ring and the planar isomers is also seen. Finally, we discuss the
fusion of two boron icosahedra. We find that the fusion occurs when the
distance between the two icosahedra is less than a critical distance of about
6.5a.u.Comment: 8 pages, 9 figures in jpeg format Editorially approved for
publication in Phys. Rev.
Quantum Gravitational Corrections to the Nonrelativistic Scattering Potential of Two Masses
We treat general relativity as an effective field theory, obtaining the full
nonanalytic component of the scattering matrix potential to one-loop order. The
lowest order vertex rules for the resulting effective field theory are
presented and the one-loop diagrams which yield the leading nonrelativistic
post-Newtonian and quantum corrections to the gravitational scattering
amplitude to second order in G are calculated in detail. The Fourier
transformed amplitudes yield a nonrelativistic potential and our result is
discussed in relation to previous calculations. The definition of a potential
is discussed as well and we show how the ambiguity of the potential under
coordinate changes is resolved.Comment: 27 pages, 17 figure
Spectral functions of isoscalar scalar and isovector electromagnetic form factors of the nucleon at two-loop order
We calculate the imaginary parts of the isoscalar scalar and isovector
electromagnetic form factors of the nucleon up to two-loop order in chiral
perturbation theory. Particular attention is paid on the correct behavior of Im
and Im at the two-pion threshold
in connection with the non-relativistic 1/M-expansion. We recover the
well-known strong enhancement near threshold originating from the nearby
anomalous singularity at . In the
case of the scalar spectral function Im one finds a significant
improvement in comparison to the lowest order one-loop result. Higher order
-rescattering effects are however still necessary to close a remaining
20%-gap to the empirical scalar spectral function. The isovector electric and
magnetic spectral functions Im get additionally enhanced near
threshold by the two-pion-loop contributions. After supplementing their
two-loop results by a phenomenological -meson exchange term one can
reproduce the empirical isovector electric and magnetic spectral functions
fairly well.Comment: 10 pages, 6 figures, submitted to Physical Review
Astrophysical Reaction Rates for B(p,)Be and B(p,)Be From a Direct Model
The reactions B(p,)Be and B(p,)Be
are studied at thermonuclear energies using DWBA calculations. For both
reactions, transitions to the ground states and first excited states are
investigated. In the case of B(p,)Be, a resonance at
keV can be consistently described in the potential model, thereby
allowing the extension of the astrophysical -factor data to very low
energies. Strong interference with a resonance at about keV
require a Breit-Wigner description of that resonance and the introduction of an
interference term for the reaction B(p,)Be. Two
isospin resonances (at keV and keV)
observed in the B+p reactions necessitate Breit-Wigner resonance and
interference terms to fit the data of the B(p,)Be
reaction. -factors and thermonuclear reaction rates are given for each
reaction. The present calculation is the first consistent parametrization for
the transition to the ground states and first excited states at low energies.Comment: 27 pages, 5 Postscript figures, uses RevTex and aps.sty; preprint
also available at http://quasar.physik.unibas.ch/ Phys. Rev. C, in pres
ACER: developing Adaptive Capacity to Extreme events in the Rhine basin
Het algemene doel van het ACER project is om de gevolgen van klimaatverandering en adaptatie strategieën te onderzoeken voor het Rijnstroomgebied, zowel grensoverschrijdend in Duitsland en Frankrijk als voor het regionale waterbeheer in Nederland. ACER gebruikt een scenario analyse om effecten en oplossing te analyseren en vergelijken, onder de veronderstelling van verschillende klimaatverandering en sociaal-economische scenario’s voor 2050. Aan de basis van deze scenario aanpak staat een internationale groep van belanghebbenden en waterbeheerders uit verschillende bestuurslagen in het Rijnstroomgebied. Het is de vraag of de maatregelen die momenteel stroomopwaarts in Duitsland worden uitgevoerd positieve of negatieve effecten op de piekavoeren benedenstrooms hebbe
Long-Baseline Study of the Leading Neutrino Oscillation at a Neutrino Factory
Within the framework of three-flavor neutrino oscillations, we consider the
physics potential of \nu_e --> \nu_\mu appearance and \nu_\mu --> \nu_\mu
survival measurements at a neutrino factory for a leading oscillation scale
\delta m^2 ~ 3.5 \times 10^{-3} eV^2. Event rates are evaluated versus baseline
and stored muon energy, and optimal values discussed. Over a sizeable region of
oscillation parameter space, matter effects would enable the sign of \delta m^2
to be determined from a comparison of \nu_e --> \nu_\mu with \bar\nu_e -->
\bar\nu_\mu event rates and energy distributions. It is important, therefore,
that both positive and negative muons can be stored in the ring. Measurements
of the \nu_\mu --> \nu_\mu survival spectrum could determine the magnitude of
\delta m^2 and the leading oscillation amplitude with a precision of O(1%--2%).Comment: 33 pages, single-spaced Revtex, uses epsf.sty, 14 postscript figures.
Added references, expanded conclusions, improved figs. 13 and 14. Version to
be published in Phys. Rev.
Coupling of stratospheric warmings with mesospheric coolings in observations and simulations
AbstractThe vertical coupling between the stratosphere and the mesosphere is diagnosed from polar cap temperatures averaged over 60°–90°N with a new method: the joint occurrence of a warm stratosphere at 10 hPa and a cold mesosphere at 0.01 hPa. The investigation of an 11-yr-long dataset (2004–15) from Aura-MLS observations shows that such mesospheric coupling days appear in 7% of the winter. During major sudden stratospheric warming events mesospheric couplings are present with an enhanced average daily frequency of 22%. This daily frequency changes from event to event but broadly results in five of seven major warmings being classified as mesospheric couplings (2006, 2008, 2009, 2010, and 2013). The observed fraction of mesospheric coupling events (71%) is compared with simulations of the Kühlungsborn Mechanistic Circulation Model (KMCM), the Hamburg Model of the Neutral and Ionized Atmosphere (HAMMONIA), and the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM). The simulated fraction of mesospheric coupling events ranges between 57% and 94%, which fits the observations. In searching for causal relations weak evidence is found that major warming events with strong intensity or split vortices favor their coupling with the upper mesosphere. More evidence is found with a conceptual model: an effective vertical coupling between 10 and 0.01 hPa is provided by deep zonal-mean easterlies at 60°N, which are acting as a gravity-wave guide. The explained variance is above 40% in the four datasets, which indicates a near-realistic simulation of this process
A Standard Law for the Equatorward Drift of the Sunspot Zones
The latitudinal location of the sunspot zones in each hemisphere is
determined by calculating the centroid position of sunspot areas for each solar
rotation from May 1874 to June 2011. When these centroid positions are plotted
and analyzed as functions of time from each sunspot cycle maximum there appears
to be systematic differences in the positions and equatorward drift rates as a
function of sunspot cycle amplitude. If, instead, these centroid positions are
plotted and analyzed as functions of time from each sunspot cycle minimum then
most of the differences in the positions and equatorward drift rates disappear.
The differences that remain disappear entirely if curve fitting is used to
determine the starting times (which vary by as much as 8 months from the times
of minima). The sunspot zone latitudes and equatorward drift measured relative
to this starting time follow a standard path for all cycles with no dependence
upon cycle strength or hemispheric dominance. Although Cycle 23 was peculiar in
its length and the strength of the polar fields it produced, it too shows no
significant variation from this standard. This standard law, and the lack of
variation with sunspot cycle characteristics, is consistent with Dynamo Wave
mechanisms but not consistent with current Flux Transport Dynamo models for the
equatorward drift of the sunspot zones.Comment: 12 pages, 7 color figure
Long Baseline Neutrino Physics with a Muon Storage Ring Neutrino Source
We examine the physics capabilities of known flavor neutrino beams from
intense muon sources. We find that long-baseline neutrino experiments based on
such beams can provide precise measurements of neutrino oscillation mass and
mixing parameters. Furthermore, they can test whether the dominant atmospheric
neutrino oscillations are \nu_\mu --> \nu_\tau and/or \nu_\mu --> \nu_s,
determine the \nu_\mu --> \nu_e content of atmospheric neutrino oscillations,
and measure \nu_e --> \nu_\tau appearance. Depending on the oscillation
parameters, they may be able to detect Earth matter and CP violation effects
and to determine the ordering of some of the mass eigenstates.Comment: 38 pages, Revtex with epsf.sty, 21 postscript figures. Minor text
revisions, some new numbers in Tables II and II
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