6 research outputs found
Modern approaches to enforcing community environmental law: A special focus on direct effect and criminal sanctions
Some Observations on the Consequences of the Termination of Treaties and the Reach of Article 70 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties
The 1998-2000 war between Eritrea and Ethiopia : an international legal perspective
This book is the outcome of a joint research project carried on by the University of Milan and the Scuola superiore Sant\u2019Anna in Pisa, financed by the Italian Ministry of University and Research and directed by Gabriella Venturini. The study was carried on between 2006 and 2008 by two groups of scholars in Milan and in Pisa (under the responsibility of Gabriella Venturini and Andrea de Guttry, respectively) in close cooperation with Harry Post. On 19-20 October, 2007, an international Conference was organized at the premises of the Scuola Superiore Sant\u2019Anna, in Pisa, aimed at discussing the main aspects of the study with an outstanding group of Italian and foreign scholars and experts. This book is the result and the fruit of the reports and comments provided by the participants at the Pisa Conference. The war between Eritrea and Ethiopia raged from 1998 to 2000 with great cost of life and devastation. International efforts did lead to a cease-fire in 2000 and eventually to the 2000 Algiers Peace Agreement. Primarily the war between Eritrea and Ethiopia is examined in the light of existing international law. Before the analysis of the state of the law, a thorough introduction and critical assessment of the complex history, as well as of the modern state of Eritrean-Ethiopian relations from the perspective of history, geography and political science is done in Part I. Eritrea has been an Italian colony and Ethiopia was occupied by Italian forces in 1936 and regained independence after 1941. The importance of Italian colonial history in understanding essential aspects of the tensions between both States, especially regarding their boundary, is inescapable. The study in this sense is often critical of the contribution by the law and lawyers to the dispute who arguably too easily seem to forget the common history and geography of both States. The law regarding cease-fires and peace agreements and the developing law on peace-keeping operations in the context of the Eritrea Ethiopia War is dealt with in Part II of the book, while Part III analyzes the historical and legal aspects of the boundary dispute between the two countries.
In December 2000 as part of the efforts by the United Nations, Eritrea and Ethiopia agreed to the establishment of two arbitral commissions: the Eritrea-Ethiopia Claims Commission and the Eritrea-Ethiopia Boundary Commission (EEBC). Both Commissions were founded to solve the conflict or at least to help solve some of the problems of the two countries. On 13th April 2002, the Boundary Commission issued its basic decision on the definition of the Eritrean-Ethiopian boundary. Since then the Commission has been working on the actual demarcation process. In 2003 due to further divergences between the Parties, the process of demarcation stalled. Later it was resumed, but since November 2008 the activities of the EEBC have stopped without a final solution acceptable to both parties. Apart from an in depth legal analysis of the EBBC\u2019s major decision and its further steps in Part III, an important part of the background and critical examination from a historical, geographic and political science point of view also focuses on the EBBC\u2019s approach and decisions.
Since July 2003, the Eritrea-Ethiopia Claims Commission has issued a considerable number of decisions on claims by either Party on a wide variety of subjects, i.e., in relation to the treatment and exchange of prisoners of war, aerial bombardments, claims of civilians, liability issues, etc. In 2005 and 2007, the Commission issued further partial and final awards on a variety of issues of diplomatic law, economic relations during armed conflict (including on the taking and destruction of property) and on various claims regarding violations of International Humanitarian Law. In Part V of the book these are discussed and examined in particular in light of the existing law so far. The EECC found that in 1998 Eritrea had launched armed attacks on Ethiopia in violation of the law on the threat and the use of force. In Part IV this \u2018central\u2019 decision is extensively discussed and commented upon. In the next and final phase of its activities the Claims Commission will assess damages and award compensation for the successful claims. In the final Part VI of the book the framework of the law of state responsibility and of compensation and damages as it stands now is examined and explained taking into account important modern armed conflicts such as the Gulf Wars
"Panta Rhei – Everything Flows”::Change in hydrology and society – The IAHS Scientific Decade 2013-2022
The new Scientific Decade 2013-2022 of IAHS, entitled Panta RheiEverything Flows, is dedicated to research activities on change in hydrology and society. The purpose of Panta Rhei is to reach an improved interpretation of the processes governing the water cycle by focusing on their changing dynamics in connection with rapidly changing human systems. The practical aim is to improve our capability to make predictions of water resources dynamics to support sustainable societal development in a changing environment. The concept implies a focus on hydrological systems as a changing interface between environment and society, whose dynamics are essential to determine water security, human safety and development, and to set priorities for environmental management. The Scientific Decade 2013-2022 will devise innovative theoretical blueprints for the representation of processes including change and will focus on advanced monitoring and data analysis techniques. Interdisciplinarity will be sought by increased efforts to connect with the socio-economic sciences and geosciences in general. This paper presents a summary of the Science Plan of Panta Rhei, its targets, research questions and expected outcomes