Deteksi Keragaman Virus Tungro dari Beberapa Daerah Endemis di Indonesia dengan Teknik PCR-RFLP

Tungro is one of rice disease caused by two different viruses (rice tungro virus=RTV) i.e. Rice tungro bacilliform virus (RTBV) and Rice tungro spherical virus (RTSV) that are transmitted only by green leafhopper. Tungro had become a serious problem in several rice productions centre in Indonesia. Various components of management effort have been applied but they were inefficient in preventing the tungro disease development. Resistance variety is the most efficient component to tungro disease management. Complexity interactions of tungro disease components are mayor constraint in tungro disease management. Detection of molecular variability in rice tungro virus from several endemic areas in Indonesia were conducted by using PCR-RFLP technique. Existence of RTBV and RTSV in the infected plants collected from several endemic areas were successfully detected by PCR. The RFLP analysis with restriction enzymes BstYI and HindIII showed that there were significant difference among the RTSV originated from Java, Bali and Sulawesi. Tungro merupakan salah satu penyakit padi yang disebabkan oleh dua virus (rice tungro virus=RTV) yang berbeda yaitu Rice tungro bacilliform virus (RTBV) dan Rice tungro spherical virus (RTSV) yang keduanya hanya dapat ditularkan oleh wereng hijau.Tungro menjadi masalah serius di beberapa sentra produksi padi di Indonesia. Berbagai USAha pengendalian telah dilakukan tetapi belum dapat mencegah dan mengatasi perkembangan penyakit tungro secara efisien. Varietas tahan merupakan komponen pengendalian tungro yang paling efektif. Kompleksitasinteraksi penyebab penyakit tungro merupakan kendala utama dalam USAha pengendalian penyakit tungro. Melalui pendekatan molekuler telah dilakukan deteksi dan analisis keragaman virustungro dari beberapa daerah endemis di Indonesia. Berdasarkan analisis PCR dengan spesifik primer telah berhasil dideteksi keberadaan RTBV dan RTSV dari tanaman terinfeksi yang dikoleksi dari beberapa daerah endemis. Hasil analisis RFLP dengan enzim restriksi BstYI dan HindIII menunjukkan adanya keragaman genetik antaraRTSV yang berasal dariJawa,Bali dan Sulawesi

Keragaman Virulensi Dan Konstruksi Molekuler Virus Tungro Pada Padi Dari Daerah Endemis

Tungro is an important disease of rice, constraining to the rice production in Indonesia. Tungro is caused by the infection of two different viruses namely tungro bacilliform virus (RTBV) and tungro spherical virus (RTSV). Both viruses are only transmitted by green leafhoppers, especially Nephotettix virescens in a semipersistent manner. The variation of tungro viruses from different areas had been reported, and there is a specific relationship between resistance variety and tungro virus isolate. It is important therefore, to study the virulences and the genetic diversities of tungro viruses derived from the endemic areas in Indonesia. This study was aimed to identify the virulence and the molecular diversity of tungro viruses from endemic areas in Indonesia. Susceptible variety TN1 was used in the study. Surveys and collection of the infected plants and green leafhoppers were conducted in some tungro endemic areas, including: West Java, Central Java, Yogyakarta, Central Sulawesi, West Sulawesi, South Sulawesi, Bali and West Nusa Tenggara. Artificial virus transmission using test tube method was used in the virulence test. Green leafhoppers caught from the field were used as vector transmitters. The virulence of tungro viruses was determined based on diseases indexes (DI). Results showed that the virulence of tungro viruses varied among region in the endemic areas in Indonesia. The Central Java virus isolate was the most virulence; however, not all isolates from endemic areas in the island of Java were more virulent than those from outside of Java. The presence of RTBV and RTSV was detected in the infected TN1 plants. The existences of molecular diversities of tungro viruses from the endemic areas were observed. The relationship between combination of DNA bands of RTBV and RTSV with the virulence in endemic areas outside of Java was more complex than it was in West Java and Central Java. The molecular diversities of tungro viruses were not correlated with the geographic difference of the endemic areas, nor with the virulences

Evaluation of bottom-up and top-down strategies for aggregated forecasts: state space models and arima applications

Abstract. In this research, we consider monthly series from the M4 competition to study the relative performance of top-down and bottom-up strategies by means of implementing forecast automation of state space and ARIMA models. For the bottomup strategy, the forecast for each series is developed individually and then these are combined to produce a cumulative forecast of the aggregated series. For the top-down strategy, the series or components values are first combined and then a single forecast is determined for the aggregated series. Based on our implementation, state space models showed a higher forecast performance when a top-down strategy is applied. ARIMA models had a higher forecast performance for the bottom-up strategy. For state space models the top-down strategy reduced the overall error significantly. ARIMA models showed to be more accurate when forecasts are first determined individually. As part of the development we also proposed an approach to improve the forecasting procedure of aggregation strategies

Pengembangan Game Edukasi Pembelajaran Akhlak Berbasis Virtual Reality

Penelitian ini bertujuan unuk mengembangkan Game Edukasi Pembelajaran Akhlak Berbasis Virtual Reality agar dapat dimanfaatkan oleh guru mata pelajaran Pendidikan Agama Islam dalam melakukan proses belajar mengajar. Adapun metode penelitian yang digunakan yaitu metode kualitatif dan metode pengumpulan data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu metode observasi, wawancara, dokumentasi, dan studi pustaka serta menggunakan metode Prototype sebagai metode pengembangan perangkat lunak. Game Edukasi Pembelajaran Akhlak Berbasis Virtual Reality berhasil dikembangkan dengan Unity game engine, serta memiliki fitur scoreboard, melanjutkan game, dan user interface yang sudah diperbarui. Game telah melewati proses pengujian black box sehingga Game Edukasi Pembelajaran Akhlak Berbasis Virtual Reality bisa dikatakan sesuai dengan tujuan awal dari pengembangannya. Dengan demikian dapat disimpulkan peneliti berhasil mengembangkan Game Edukasi Pembelajaran Akhlak Berbasis Virtual Reality sehingga dapat menjadi metode pembelajaran yang interaktif bagi siswa dan siswi SD Negeri Jorok