Susceptibilidad de Pinus nigra y Cedrus libani a aislados turcos de Gremmeniella abietina

Gremmeniella abietina causes shoot dieback and stem cankers on conifers throughout Northern hemisphere. The aim of this study was to investigate the virulence of Turkish G. abietina isolates in a field experiment. The lower branches of 15-20-year-old P. nigra and C. libani in a plantation site at 1,050 m a.s.l. in Isparta were inoculated at 1-2-month intervals during September-January. Five isolates obtained from high altitude mountainous forests were used. Each isolate was inoculated into two branches per tree and repeated ten times on both tree species at each inoculation date. The branches were sampled at the end of February, and in August, and lesion lengths in the inner bark measured. The mean lesion length on P. nigra and C libani were 10.6 ± 0.8 and 3.8 ± 0.2 mm in February and 17.6 ± 1.4 and 7.8 ± 0.8 mm in August, respectively. Differences in the mean lesion length between the isolates were small. Nevertheless, there were significant differences between the isolates on P. nigra in November and January inoculations, and on C. libani at all four inoculation times. The mean lesion lengths for all isolates at both sampling dates was the highest (p < 0.01) in December inoculations for both P. nigra (22.0 ± 1.9 February; 32.9 ± 2.9 August) and C. libani (5.6 ± 0.7; 11.3 ± 1.2). There was no difference between the September and January inoculations on P. nigra, despite the almost six-fold difference in incubation period. During the December inoculations, the trees were most likely in winter dormancy, i.e. unable to defend themselves, which would explain the large lesions.La Gremmeniella abietina causa la muerte regresiva de brotes y cancros sobre coníferas en todo el hemisferio norte. El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar la virulencia de aislados turcos de G. abietina en un experimento de campo. Se inocularon las ramas más bajas de P. nigra y C. libani de 15 a 20 años de edad en un sitio de plantación a 1.050 m snm en Isparta a intervalos de 1-2 meses entre septiembre y enero utilizando cinco aislamientos obtenidos de bosques de las zonas montañosas altas. Cada aislado se inoculó en dos ramas por árbol y se repitieron diez veces en las dos especies en cada fecha de inoculación. Se tomaron muestras de las ramas al final del mes de febrero, y en agosto, y se midieron la longitud de la lesión en la corteza interna. La longitud media de la lesión en P. nigra y C. libani fueron 10,6 ± 0,8 y 3,8 ± 0,2 mm en febrero y 17,6 ± 1,4 y 7,8 ± 0,8 mm en agosto, respectivamente. Las diferencias en la longitud de la lesión media entre los aislados eran pequeñas. Sin embargo, hubo diferencias significativas entre los aislamientos de P. nigra en inoculaciones de noviembre y enero, y en C. libani en los cuatro tiempos de inoculación. La longitud media de la lesión para todos los aislamientos en ambas fechas de muestreo fue la más alta (p < 0,01) en las inoculaciones de diciembre tanto para P. nigra (22,0 ± 1,9 de febrero, 32,9 ± 2,9 de agosto) como para C. libani (5,6 ± 0,7; 11,3 ± 1,2). No hubo diferencias entre las de septiembre y enero en P. nigra, a pesar de la diferencia de casi seis veces en el período de incubación. Durante las inoculaciones de diciembre, los árboles estaban probablemente en letargo invernal, es decir, incapaces de defenderse, lo que explicaría las lesiones de gran tamaño

Distribution and genetic diversity of Dothistroma septosporum in Pinus brutia forests of south-western Turkey

The support of the DIAROD project, funded as EU COST Action FP1102, is gratefully acknowledged. Forest engineers Ali Datumani and Erdal Örtel are thanked for their great help in the field. We are grateful to the anonymous reviewers who helped improve the manuscript. We would like to thank Dr Alkan Unlu for providing the climate data and to Dr Ilker Ercanli for performing the statistical analysis. The study was financially supported by the Forestry Commission, United Kingdom and by the European Regional Development Fund, Project Phytophthora Research Centre Reg. No. CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/15_003/0000453.Peer reviewedPostprin

HETEROBASIDION ANNOSUM S. L.’ UN ULUDAĞ GÖKNARINDA OLUŞTURDUĞU ALT GÖVDE ÇÜRÜKLÜĞÜNÜN ARAZİ VE LABORATUVAR METOTLARI İLE TESPİTİ

Bu çalışmada, Uludağ göknarında (Abies nordmanniana ssp. bornmülleriana (Mattf.) Coode & Cullen) shigometre ve artım burgusunun Heterobasidion annosum s.l. ve diğer funguslardan kaynaklanan kök ve alt gövde çürüklüğünün tespitinde kullanım olanakları araştırılmıştır. Seçilen ağaçların yakınında veya çevresinde, H. annosum’ un neden olduğu tipik beyaz çürüklük belirtisini ya da üreme organlarını taşıyan kütükler bulunmasına dikkat edilmiştir. Ağaçlardan alınan artım kalemleri laboratuarda kültüre alınmış ve öncelikle Heterobasidion annosum olmak üzere diğer çürüklük funguslarının varlığı açısından incelenmiştir. Shigometre, toplam 20 ağacın 15’ inde elektriksel dirençte % 75’ in üzerinde düşüşe, başka bir deyişle ağaçta olası bir probleme işaret ederken, kültüre alınan artım çubuklarının sadece üçünden H. annosum s.l. izole edilebilmiştir. Shigometre ve artım burgusundan elde edilen sonuçların birbirinden farklı olmasının nedenleri arasında, diğer göknar türlerinde yaygın olduğu bilinen ıslak odun oluşumunun Uludağ göknarında da görülebilme olasılığı sayılabilir. Dolayısıyla, Uludağ göknarında shigometre ölçümleri üzerine ıslak odun oluşumunun ve çürüklüğe neden olan fungusların etkisinin belirlenmesi için daha detaylı araştırmalara gereksinim duyulmaktadır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Heterobasidion annosum, Beyaz çürüklük, Göknar, Shigometre, Artım burgus

Worldwide diversity of endophytic fungi and insects associated with dormant tree twigs

International trade in plants and climate change are two of the main factors causing damaging tree pests (i.e. fungi and insects) to spread into new areas. To mitigate these risks, a large-scale assessment of tree-associated fungi and insects is needed. We present records of endophytic fungi and insects in twigs of 17 angiosperm and gymnosperm genera, from 51 locations in 32 countries worldwide. Endophytic fungi were characterized by high-throughput sequencing of 352 samples from 145 tree species in 28 countries. Insects were reared from 227 samples of 109 tree species in 18 countries and sorted into taxonomic orders and feeding guilds. Herbivorous insects were grouped into morphospecies and were identified using molecular and morphological approaches. This dataset reveals the diversity of tree-associated taxa, as it contains 12,721 fungal Amplicon Sequence Variants and 208 herbivorous insect morphospecies, sampled across broad geographic and climatic gradients and for many tree species. This dataset will facilitate applied and fundamental studies on the distribution of fungal endophytes and insects in trees

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SDU Press and Public Relations PRESS Fakülte Kitabevi-ISPARTA SDU Faculty of Forestry Journal is a refereed journal and published twice a year. Responsibility for the published papers concern to the Author

Forewarned is forearmed: harmonized approaches for early detection of potentially invasive pests and pathogens in sentinel plantings

Текст статьи не публикуется в открытом доступе в соответствии с политикой журнала.The number of invasive alien pest and pathogen species affecting ecosystem functioning, human health and economies has increased dramatically over the last decades. Discoveries of invasive pests and pathogens previously unknown to science or with unknown host associations yet damaging on novel hosts highlights the necessity of developing novel tools to predict their appearance in hitherto naïve environments. The use of sentinel plant systems is a promising tool to improve the detection of pests and pathogens before introduction and to provide valuable information for the development of preventative measures to minimize economic or environmental impacts. Though sentinel plantings have been established and studied during the last decade, there still remains a great need for guidance on which tools and protocols to put into practice in order to make assessments accurate and reliable. The sampling and diagnostic protocols chosen should enable as much information as possible about potential damaging agents and species identification. Consistency and comparison of results are based on the adoption of common procedures for sampling design and sample processing. In this paper, we suggest harmonized procedures that should be used in sentinel planting surveys for effective sampling and identification of potential pests and pathogens. We also review the benefits and limitations of various diagnostic methods for early detection in sentinel systems, and the feasibility of the results obtained supporting National Plant Protection Organizations in pest and commodity risk analysis

Global geographic distribution and host range of Dothistroma species: a comprehensive review

Dothistroma needle blight (DNB) is one of the most important diseases of pine. Although its notoriety stems from Southern Hemisphere epidemics in Pinus radiata plantations, the disease has increased in prevalence and severity in areas of the Northern Hemisphere, including Europe, during the last two decades. This increase has largely been attributed to expanded planting of susceptible hosts, anthropogenic dispersal of the causative pathogens and changes in climate conducive to disease development. The last comprehensive review of DNB was published in 2004, with updates on geographic distribution and host species in 2009. Importantly, the recognition that two species, Dothistroma septosporum and D. pini, cause DNB emerged only relatively recently in 2004. These two species are morphologically very similar, and DNA- based techniques are needed to distinguish between them. Consequently, many records of host species affected or geographic location of DNB prior to 2004 are inconclusive or even misleading. The objectives of this review were (i) to provide a new database in which detailed records of DNB from 62 countries are collated; (ii) to chart the current global distribution of D. septosporum and D. pini; (iii) to list all known host species and to consider their susceptibility globally; (iv) to collate the published results of provenance trials; and (v) to consider the effects of site factors on disease incidence and severity. The review shows that DNB occurs in 76 countries, with D. septosporum confirmed to occur in 44 and D. pini in 13. There are now 109 documented Pinaceae host taxa for Dothistroma species, spanning six genera (Abies, Cedrus, Larix, Picea, Pinus and Pseudotsuga), with Pinus being the dominant host genus, accounting for 95 host taxa. The relative susceptibilities of these hosts to Dothistroma species are reported, providing a resource to inform species choice in forest planting. Country records show that most DNB outbreaks in Europe occur on Pinus nigra and its subspecies. It is anticipated that the collaborative work described in this review will both underpin a broader global research strategy to manage DNB in the future and provide a model for the study of other forest pathogens