322 research outputs found
Pitfalls in the theory of carrier dynamics in semiconductor quantum dots: the single-particle basis vs. the many-particle configuration basis
We analyze quantum dot models used in current research for misconceptions
that arise from the choice of basis states for the carriers. The examined
models originate from semiconductor quantum optics, but the illustrated
conceptional problems are not limited to this field. We demonstrate how the
choice of basis states can imply a factorization scheme that leads to an
artificial dependency between two, actually independent, quantities.
Furthermore, we consider an open quantum dot-cavity system and show how the
dephasing, generated by the dissipator in the von Neumann Lindblad equation,
depends on the choice of basis states that are used to construct the collapse
operators. We find that the Rabi oscillations of the s-shell exciton are either
dephased by the dissipative decay of the p-shell exciton or remain unaffected,
depending on the choice of basis states. In a last step we resolve this
discrepancy by taking the full system-reservoir interaction Hamiltonian into
account
Superthermal photon bunching in terms of simple probability distributions
We analyze the second-order photon autocorrelation function with
respect to the photon probability distribution and discuss the generic features
of a distribution that result in superthermal photon bunching ().
Superthermal photon bunching has been reported for a number of optical
microcavity systems that exhibit processes like superradiance or mode
competition. We show that a superthermal photon number distribution cannot be
constructed from the principle of maximum entropy, if only the intensity and
the second-order autocorrelation are given. However, for bimodal systems an
unbiased superthermal distribution can be constructed from second-order
correlations and the intensities alone. Our findings suggest modeling
superthermal single-mode distributions by a mixture of a thermal and a lasing
like state and thus reveal a generic mechanism in the photon probability
distribution responsible for creating superthermal photon bunching. We relate
our general considerations to a physical system, a (single-emitter) bimodal
laser, and show that its statistics can be approximated and understood within
our proposed model. Furthermore the excellent agreement of the statistics of
the bimodal laser and our model reveal that the bimodal laser is an ideal
source of bunched photons, in the sense that it can generate statistics that
contain no other features but the superthermal bunching
Intensity fluctuations in bimodal micropillar lasers enhanced by quantum-dot gain competition
We investigate correlations between orthogonally polarized cavity modes of a
bimodal micropillar laser with a single layer of self-assembled quantum dots in
the active region. While one emission mode of the microlaser demonstrates a
characteristic s-shaped input-output curve, the output intensity of the second
mode saturates and even decreases with increasing injection current above
threshold. Measuring the photon auto-correlation function g^{(2)}(\tau) of the
light emission confirms the onset of lasing in the first mode with g^{(2)}(0)
approaching unity above threshold. In contrast, strong photon bunching
associated with super-thermal values of g^{(2)}(0) is detected for the other
mode for currents above threshold. This behavior is attributed to gain
competition of the two modes induced by the common gain material, which is
confirmed by photon crosscorrelation measurements revealing a clear
anti-correlation between emission events of the two modes. The experimental
studies are in excellent qualitative agreement with theoretical studies based
on a microscopic semiconductor theory, which we extend to the case of two modes
interacting with the common gain medium. Moreover, we treat the problem by an
extended birth-death model for two interacting modes, which reveals, that the
photon probability distribution of each mode has a double peak structure,
indicating switching behavior of the modes for the pump rates around threshold.Comment: 11 pages, 5 figures, submitted to Phys. Rev.
Workplace Mobbing
Mobbing odnosno zlostavljanje na radnome mjestu predstavlja neprijateljsku i neetiÄnu komunikaciju, koja je sustavno usmjerena od jednoga ili viÅ”e pojedinaca prema, uglavnom, jednom pojedincu, koji je zbog mobbinga gurnut u poziciju u kojoj je bespomoÄan ili se ne može obraniti te držan u njoj s pomoÄu stalnih zlostavljaÄkih (mobinÅ”kih) aktivnosti. U Älanku je obraÄeno nekoliko bitnih znaÄajki zlostavljanja: ponaÅ”anja karakteristiÄna za zlostavljaÄa, organizacijski uzroci pojave, konflikt u poduzeÄu kao njegov povod, žrtva, izvanorganizacijski Äimbenici njegova razvoja te posljedice zlostavljanja. Suvremeni poslovni svijet je kompleksan, dinamiÄan i promjenljiv te zahtijeva sve veÄu umjeÅ”nost i sposobnost prilagodbe. Sukobi su dakako neizbježan dio svake organizacije, ali ih je menadžment dužan pravodobno prepoznati i njima upravljati radi sprjeÄavanja Å”tetnih posljedica za produktivnost i troÅ”kove poduzeÄa, radi zaÅ”tite zaposlenika te suzbijanja psihiÄkih i tjelesnih poremeÄaja koji nastaju psihiÄkim nasiljem i iskrivljenim oblikom ponaÅ”anja kakav je mobbing. On je problem suvremenog druÅ”tva, nov i u nas nedostatno istražen oblik krÅ”enja ljudskih prava. Zbiva se uglavnom na psiholoÅ”koj razini, negativno utjeÄe na zdravlje i život, kvalitetu rada, proizvodnju i pružanje usluga, produktivnost i profitabilnost te znaÄajno utjeÄe na ekonomske gubitke u zajednici. Zlostavljanje na radnome mjestu treba rjeÅ”avati multidisciplinarno: inicirajuÄi zajedniÄke aktivnosti zaposlenika i uprave, ukljuÄujuÄi medicinske struÄnjake, pravnike, pa i druÅ”tvenu zajednicu u cjelini. Å to se u organizaciji viÅ”e teži izvrsnosti koja se temelji na povjerenju i radnoj etici, to je veÄa vjerojatnost njegovog sprjeÄavanja i rjeÅ”avanja.Workplace mobbing is a hostile and unethical communication, systematically aimed from one or more individuals towards mostly one individual, who are forced into a helpless position and are held in it by constant bullying. This article describes some of the most important characteristics of mobbing: offensive behaviour, organizational and non-organizational causes of this behaviour, the victim, and the consequences. Modern business environment is complex, dynamic, volatile, and requires better ability to adjust. Constant changes are a part of organizational reality, but they also produce an ideal environment for all kinds of conflicts. Conflicts are inevitable in every organization, but the task of its management is to identify them and resolve before they affect the workforce, productivity, and costs. The idea is to avert psychological abuse and aberrant behaviour such as mobbing that may cause physical and mental disorders. Mobbing is a problem of the modern society; as a violation of human rights it is relatively new and unrecognised in Croatia. Abuse is mostly psychological; it affects the victimās health and life, quality of work, productivity, profitability, and may lead to significant economic losses in the community. Mobbing can be averted by joint forces that would involve employees and management, medical and legal professionals, and even community as a whole. The more an organization pursues excellence based on trust and business ethics, the higher the probability that mobbing will be averted or stopped
Theory of coherent optical nonlinearities of intersubband transitions in semiconductor quantum wells
We theoretically study the coherent nonlinear response of electrons confined
in semiconductor quantum wells under the effect of an electromagnetic radiation
close to resonance with an intersubband transition. Our approach is based on
the time-dependent Schr\"odinger-Poisson equation stemming from a Hartree
description of Coulomb-interacting electrons. This equation is solved by
standard numerical tools and the results are interpreted in terms of
approximated analytical formulas. For growing intensity, we observe a redshift
of the effective resonance frequency due to the reduction of the electric
dipole moment and the corresponding suppression of the depolarization shift.
The competition between coherent nonlinearities and incoherent saturation
effects is discussed. The strength of the resulting optical nonlinearity is
estimated across different frequency ranges from mid-IR to THz with an eye to
ongoing experiments on Bose-Einstein condensation of intersubband polaritons
and to the speculative exploration of quantum optical phenomena such as
single-photon emission in the mid-IR and THz windows
Raman Laser Switching Induced by Cascaded Light Scattering
It is shown that, in multimode Raman lasers, cascaded light scattering (CLS) not only extends the optical frequency range, but can also modulate the laser dynamics. The origin of this phenomenon lies in the fact that many Raman lasing modes are directly correlated through CLS. The coupledāmode equations only describe singleāmode cascaded Raman lasers and are insufficient for describing the multimode case. In this work, additional terms are introduced to account for intermodal interaction and, therefrom the physical mechanism behind the modeāswitching phenomenon is revealed. Additionally, modeāswitching controlled solely by a singleāmode pump in a whispering gallery mode (WGM) silica Raman laser is demonstrated. As the intracavity pump power is increased, laser switching happens between two adjacent WGMs in the same mode family
Pump-power-driven mode switching in a microcavity device and its relation to Bose-Einstein condensation
TL, DV, and HAML contributed equally to this work. DV is grateful for support from the Studienstiftung des Deutschen Volkes. We acknowlege funding from the European Research Council under the European Union's Seventh Framework ERC Grant Agreeement No. 615613 and from the German Research Foundation (DFG) via Project No. Re2974/3-1 and the Research Unit FOR2414.We investigate the switching of the coherent emission mode of a bimodal microcavity device, occurring when the pump power is varied. We compare experimental data to theoretical results and identify the underlying mechanism based on the competition between the effective gain, on the one hand, and the intermode kinetics, on the other. When the pumping is ramped up, above a threshold, the mode with the largest effective gain starts to emit coherent light, corresponding to lasing. In contrast, in the limit of strong pumping, it is the intermode kinetics that determines which mode acquires a large occupation and shows coherent emission. We point out that this latter mechanism is akin to the equilibrium Bose-Einstein condensation of massive bosons. Thus, the mode switching in our microcavity device can be viewed as a minimal instance of Bose-Einstein condensation of photons. Moreover, we show that the switching from one cavity mode to the other always occurs via an intermediate phase where both modes are emitting coherent light and that it is associated with both superthermal intensity fluctuations and strong anticorrelations between both modes.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe
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