27,712 research outputs found
Intra-day variability observations and the VLBI structure analysis of quasar S4 0917+624
The IDV observations of S4 0917+624 were carried out monthly, from August
2005 to January 2010, with the Urumqi 25m radio telescope at 4.8 GHz. The
quasar S4 0917+624 exhibits only very weak or no IDV during our 4.5 year
observing interval. Prior to the year 2000, the source S4 0917+624 was one of
the most prominent IDV sources. Our new data indicate that the previous strong
IDV has ceased. We analyzed the long-term VLBI structural variability using
Gaussian model-fitting. From this we obtained the flux densities and the
deconvolved sizes of core and inner-jet components of the source. We studied
the properties such as core fraction, angular size, spectral index, and
brightness temperature of VLBI core for S4 0917+624, as well as the time delay
between 5 and 15 GHz variations, and compared them with the IDV properties of
S4 0917+624. The source shows ejection of several jet components that are
suspected to have partially reduced the IDV amplitude of S4 0917+624. However,
during 2005-2006, the VLBI core size was comparable to the size before the year
2000, but no strong IDV was detected in the period, suggesting that the
quenching effect due to source size changes may not be responsible for the lack
of strong IDV after the year 2000. The refractive scattering properties for the
strong IDV phase of S4 0917+624 before the year 2000 are discussed. The
disappearance of strong IDV in S4 0917+624 after the year 2000 is a mystery and
cannot be explained via the quenching effect by changes in the observable VLBI
structure. However, it may be caused by changes in the interstellar medium,
i.e. by interstellar weather, which induces changes in the scintillation
pattern on timescales of several years. Further coordinated multi-frequency
observations will be required to distinguish between the effect of
source-intrinsic variability and changing properties of the interstellar
medium.Comment: 8 pages, 6 figures, accepted for publication in A&
Simple Metals at High Pressure
In this lecture we review high-pressure phase transition sequences exhibited
by simple elements, looking at the examples of the main group I, II, IV, V, and
VI elements. General trends are established by analyzing the changes in
coordination number on compression. Experimentally found phase transitions and
crystal structures are discussed with a brief description of the present
theoretical picture.Comment: 22 pages, 4 figures, lecture notes for the lecture given at the Erice
course on High-Pressure Crystallography in June 2009, Sicily, Ital
Structural Characterization of Rapid Thermal Oxidized Si\u3csub\u3e1−x−y\u3c/sub\u3eGe\u3csub\u3ex\u3c/sub\u3eC\u3csub\u3ey\u3c/sub\u3e Alloy Films Grown by Rapid Thermal Chemical Vapor Deposition
The structural properties of as-grown and rapid thermal oxidized Si1−x−yGexCy epitaxial layers have been examined using a combination of infrared, x-ray photoelectron, x-ray diffraction, secondary ion mass spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy techniques. Carbon incorporation into the Si1−x−yGexCy system can lead to compressive or tensile strain in the film. The structural properties of the oxidized Si1−x−yGexCy film depend on the type of strain (i.e., carbon concentration) of the as-prepared film. For compressive or fully compensated films, the oxidation process drastically reduces the carbon content so that the oxidized films closely resemble to Si1−xGex films. For tensile films, two broad regions, one with carbon content higher and the other lower than that required for full strain compensation, coexist in the oxidized films
Binary Reactive Adsorbate on a Random Catalytic Substrate
We study the equilibrium properties of a model for a binary mixture of
catalytically-reactive monomers adsorbed on a two-dimensional substrate
decorated by randomly placed catalytic bonds. The interacting and
monomer species undergo continuous exchanges with particle reservoirs and react
() as soon as a pair of unlike particles appears on sites
connected by a catalytic bond.
For the case of annealed disorder in the placement of the catalytic bonds
this model can be mapped onto a classical spin model with spin values , with effective couplings dependent on the temperature and on the mean
density of catalytic bonds. This allows us to exploit the mean-field theory
developed for the latter to determine the phase diagram as a function of in
the (symmetric) case in which the chemical potentials of the particle
reservoirs, as well as the and interactions are equal.Comment: 12 pages, 4 figure
Dissipationless Anomalous Hall Current in Films
The observation of dissipationless anomalous Hall current is one of the
experimental evidences to confirm the intrinsic origin of anomalous Hall
effect. To study the origin of anomalous Hall effect in iron,
Fe(SiO) granular films with volume fraction of SiO
0\le x \le 40.51 were fabricated using co-sputtering. Hall and longitudinal
resistivities were measured in the temperature range 5 to 350 K with magnetic
fields up to 5 Tesla. As x increased from 0 to 40.51, the anomalous Hall
resistivity and longitudinal resistivity increased about 4 and 3 orders in
magnitude, respectively. Analysis of the results revealed that the normalized
anomalous Hall conductivity is a constant for all the samples, the evidence of
dissipationless anomalous Hall current in Fe.Comment: 17 pages, 5 figures;
http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevB.83.20531
A Microcalorimetric Method for Studying the Biological Effects of Mg2+ Ion on Recombinant Escherichia coli
Power-time curves of growing recombinant Escherichia coli B1 cell suspensions, treated with different concentrations of Mg2+, were recorded by microcalorimeter. The extent of the stimulatory effect of Mg2+ on the growth of recombinant E. coli B1 was compared by reference to the changes in the values of the growth rate coefficient of bacteria (k), the time of reaching the maximum effect in the log phase (tD), the time of maintaining the maximum effect in the stationary period (tS), and the maximum thermal power during the entire bacterial growth (Pm) at different Mg2+ doses and the optimal Mg2+ dose was calculated. The experimental results revealed that when Mg2+ mass concentration reached γ = 2.2 mg mL-1, the stimulatory effect is the greatest. With more Mg2+ (γ > 2.2 mg mL-1) added, the promotive effect would decrease drastically
Blocking binding of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Aa to Bombyx mori cadherin receptor results in only a minor reduction of toxicity
<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p><it>Bacillus thuringiensis </it>Cry1Aa insecticidal protein is the most active known <it>B. thuringiensis </it>toxin against the forest insect pest <it>Lymantria dispar </it>(gypsy moth), unfortunately it is also highly toxic against the non-target insect <it>Bombyx mori </it>(silk worm).</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Surface exposed hydrophobic residues over domains II and III were targeted for site-directed mutagenesis. Substitution of a phenylalanine residue (F328) by alanine reduced binding to the <it>Bombyx mori </it>cadherin by 23-fold, reduced biological activity against <it>B. mori </it>by 4-fold, while retaining activity against <it>Lymantria dispar</it>.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The results identify a novel receptor-binding epitope and demonstrate that virtual elimination of binding to cadherin BR-175 does not completely remove toxicity in the case of <it>B. mori</it>.</p
Attosecond control of electrons emitted from a nanoscale metal tip
Attosecond science is based on steering of electrons with the electric field
of well-controlled femtosecond laser pulses. It has led to, for example, the
generation of XUV light pulses with a duration in the sub-100-attosecond
regime, to the measurement of intra-molecular dynamics by diffraction of an
electron taken from the molecule under scrutiny, and to novel ultrafast
electron holography. All these effects have been observed with atoms or
molecules in the gas phase. Although predicted to occur, a strong light-phase
sensitivity of electrons liberated by few-cycle laser pulses from solids has
hitherto been elusive. Here we show a carrier-envelope (C-E) phase-dependent
current modulation of up to 100% recorded in spectra of electrons laser-emitted
from a nanometric tungsten tip. Controlled by the C-E phase, electrons
originate from either one or two sub-500as long instances within the 6-fs laser
pulse, leading to the presence or absence of spectral interference. We also
show that coherent elastic re-scattering of liberated electrons takes place at
the metal surface. Due to field enhancement at the tip, a simple laser
oscillator suffices to reach the required peak electric field strengths,
allowing attosecond science experiments to be performed at the 100-Megahertz
repetition rate level and rendering complex amplified laser systems
dispensable. Practically, this work represents a simple, exquisitely sensitive
C-E phase sensor device, which can be shrunk in volume down to ~ 1cm3. The
results indicate that the above-mentioned novel attosecond science techniques
developed with and for atoms and molecules can also be employed with solids. In
particular, we foresee sub-femtosecond (sub-) nanometre probing of (collective)
electron dynamics, such as plasmon polaritons, in solid-state systems ranging
in size from mesoscopic solids via clusters to single protruding atoms.Comment: Final manuscript version submitted to Natur
Spatial imaging of the spin Hall effect and current-induced polarization in two-dimensional electron gases
Spin-orbit coupling in semiconductors relates the spin of an electron to its
momentum and provides a pathway for electrically initializing and manipulating
electron spins for applications in spintronics and spin-based quantum
information processing. This coupling can be regulated with quantum confinement
in semiconductor heterostructures through band structure engineering. Here we
investigate the spin Hall effect and current-induced spin polarization in a
two-dimensional electron gas confined in (110) AlGaAs quantum wells using Kerr
rotation microscopy. In contrast to previous measurements, the spin Hall
profile exhibits complex structure, and the current-induced spin polarization
is out-of-plane. The experiments map the strong dependence of the
current-induced spin polarization to the crystal axis along which the electric
field is applied, reflecting the anisotropy of the spin-orbit interaction.
These results reveal opportunities for tuning a spin source using quantum
confinement and device engineering in non-magnetic materials.Comment: Accepted for publication (2005
A New Method of Probing the Phonon Mechanism in Superconductors including MgB
Weak localization has a strong influence on both the normal and
superconducting properties of metals. In particular, since weak localization
leads to the decoupling of electrons and phonons, the temperature dependence of
resistance (i.e., ) is decreasing with increasing disorder, as
manifested by Mooij's empirical rule. In addition, Testardi's universal
correlation of (i.e., ) and the resistance ratio (i.e.,
) follows. This understanding provides a new means to probe the
phonon mechanism in superconductors including MgB. The merits of this
method are its applicability to any superconductors and its reliability because
the McMillan's electron-phonon coupling constant and
change in a broad range, from finite values to zero, due to weak localization.
Karkin et al's preliminary data of irradiated MgB show the Testardi
correlation, indicating that the dominant pairing mechanism in MgB is the
phonon-mediated interaction.Comment: 9 pages, latex, 3 figure
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