Les escargots comestibles de Côte d'Ivoire: influence de substrats d'élevage sur les paramètres de croissance de Archachatina ventricosa (Gould, 1850) en élevage hors-sol

Edible Ivorian Snails: Influence of the Breeding Substratum on the Parameters of Growth of Archachatina ventricosa (Gould, 1850) in Indoor Rearing. Two hundred fifty youngs of Archachatina ventricosa (Gould, 1850) with an average of 2.30 g body weight and 20.12 mm shell length, two weeks old approximately were bred for 48 weeks on five types of substrata [S1 (ground collected under a cassava plantation (Manihot spp.); S2 (S1 with oyster powder 10%), S3 (S1 with sawdust 10%), S4 (S1 with oyster powder 5% and sawdust 5%), S5 (ground of humid tropical forest)]. In order to determine the substratum inducing the best performances of growths, all the individuals were fed a concentrated food with 14.01% of calcium. This study revealed that the quality of the substratum influences the parameters of growth of A. ventricosa. The best growth was obtained on the substratum S3 (0.284 g/j; 0.169 mm/j). The substrata S2 and S4 support a similar growth to the pilot substratum (S5). The sawdust thus supports a better growth of A. ventricosa and could then be advised as source of amendment of the substrata to whoever would like to make the breeding of this specie

Entomological investigations carried out from 2002 to 2010 into the involvement of water bugs (Heteroptera - Hemiptera) in transmission of Mycobacterium ulcerans to humans in Côte d’Ivoire (West Africa)

Ulcer is a disease caused by a mycobacterium present in the environment: Mycobacterium ulcerans.This communicable disease occurs essentially in wet tropical regions, and in particular in west Africa where it is endemic. It is the third most common mycobacterial disease affecting humans after leprosy and tuberculosis, although it is more prevalent than either leprosy or tuberculosis in some rural areas of several countries (Benin, Côte d’Ivoire and Ghana). This has led WHO to act, and in 1998 to declare Buruli ulcer an « emerging disease » and to recognize it as a neglected tropical disease. Its development is a source of concern in Côte d’Ivoire, the country most affected in the world, with an aggregate number of 30 000 cases and more than 2000 cases detected each year. It particularly affects children living in isolated rural areas around bodies of stagnant or slowly flowing water.  In order to control the disease, it is essential fully to understand its epidemiology. In this connection, there are several hypotheses on the mode of transmission of M. ulcerans to humans. Since 1999, the involvement of water bugs belonging to the order of the hemiptera has been invoked by Portaels. In 2002, this hypothesis was confirmed by Marsollier et al. for water bugs of the genus Naucoris taken from the region of Daloa in Côte d’Ivoire, where the disease is endemic. In 2008, Portaels also found M. ulcerans in samples taken from the environment (Gerridae) in Ghana. In 2007, studies began in Côte d’Ivoire into the specific diversity, biology, ecology, ethology and role of aquatic heteroptera in the transmission of M. ulcerans to humans. Samples of aquatic heteroptera were collected each month from different aquatic environments in endemic areas of Côte d’Ivoire. The insects were identified by family, genus and occasionally species. Their distribution, population dynamics and ecological distribution in the water points investigated were correlated with human activities. Monospecific batches of water bugs were regularly composed in order to identify the molecular signatures of M. ulcerans using PCR at the bacteriology laboratory of the Institut Pasteur in Côte d’Ivoire and at the bacteriology laboratory of the Groupe d’Etudes des Interactions Hôtes-Pathogènes (Host-Pathogen Study Group) at the University Teaching hospital in Angers, France. Eighteen (18) species belonging to 8 families were identified. After the aquatic insects collected had been identified, 283 monospecific batches were composed and sent to the Institut Pasteur in Côte d’Ivoire (IPCI) for PCR. Twenty four (24) of the 283 batches i.e. 8,5% containing the following, 14 Diplonychus sp, 2 Naucoris sp, 3 Micronecta sp, 2 Ranatra fusca, 2 Anisops sp and 1 Laccotrephes ater, respectively belonging to the families Belostomatidae, Naucoridae, Corixidae, Ranatridae and Nepidae tested positive under PCR. Thirty five (35) samples of saliva were collected from specimens of the genus Diplonychus. Six of the samples (i.e. 17%) tested positive under PCR. Out of 109 other monospecific batches sent to the laboratory in Angers, France, 33 (i.e. 30%) tested positive under PCR. They comprised 11 batches of Diplonychus sp (Belostomatidae), 8 batches of Micronecta sp (Corixidae), 2 batches of Laccocoris sp (Naucoridae), 4 batches of Ranatra fusca (Ranatridae), 3 batches of Anisops sp, 1 lot de Anisops sardea et 1 lot de Enithares sp (Notonectidae), 2 batches of Plea pullula (Pleidae) and 1 batch of de Laccotrephes sp (Nepidae). Clearly, not only is Diplonychus sp the genus most commonly found, it is also that most affected by M. ulcerans. This justifies the decision to breed this genus in the laboratory since 2008, in order to improve our understanding of its biology and ethology and to standardize physical and chemical parameters so as to determine the best conditions for breeding the insect which would provide an animal model for experimental infections. We have now bred six successive generations in the laboratory. To conclude, although some aquatic heteroptera that host M. ulcerans are strictly phytophagous, (e.g. the Corixidae), the great majority of water bugs are carnivorous predators that are hosts and vectors of M. ulcerans. The absence of a reliable key for determining the family, genus and species in central and west Africa has led us to draw up an iconographic catalogue to determine the taxonomy of these insects

The 6th international conference on envenomation by snakebites and scorpion stings in Africa : a crucial step for the management of envenomation

During the 6th International Conference on Envenomation by Snakebites and Scorpion Stings in Africa held in Abidjan, from 1 to 5 June 2015, the measures for the management of envenomation were discussed and new recommendations were adopted by the participants. The high incidence and severity of this affliction were confirmed by several studies conducted in African countries. The poor availability of antivenom, particularly because of the cost, was also highlighted. Some experiences have been reported, mainly those regarding the financial support of antivenom in Burkina Faso (more than 90 %) and Togo (up to 60 %) or the mandatory reporting of cases in Cameroon. Key recommendations concerned: improvement of epidemiological information based on case collection; training of health workers in the management of envenomation; policy to promote the use of effective and safe antivenom; and antivenom funding by sharing its costs with stakeholders in order to improve antivenom accessibility for low-income patients

Recombinant Poliovirus circulation among healthy children immunized with oral polio vaccine in Abidjan

In order to assess the level of polio virus with natural recombinant genome and wild polio virus circulating in the environment of healthy children aged 0 to 5 years in Abidjan, 130 polio viruses made up of 26 polio type 1, 55 type 2 and 49 type 3 were identified by neutralisation test with monoclonal antibodies and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) targeting the VP1 and 3D1 gene. Four wild non Sabin-like (NSL) strains (3.1%): one type 2 and three type 3 were identified in non vaccinated children. One hundred and six (81.5%) isolates were Sabin-like, 20 (15.4%) were recombinant with the following polio virus profiles: 2 Sabin-like type 1/type 2, 3 Sabin-like type 3/type 1, 11 Sabin-like type 3/type 2 and one polio virus type 3 NSL/Sabin-like type 3. Intertypic vaccine/vaccine or vaccine/wild strain recombinant polio virus circulating among healthy children rate was high and suggested the need for a molecular surveillance of vaccine strains. Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV) strains are well-known to revert to pathogenicity in vaccines. Therefore, the long term excretion of pathogenic OPV derived strains by some vaccinees needs to be considered quite seriously. It therefore suggested that all polio virus isolated from acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) be analyzed by restriction fragment length polymorphism and sequencing of the viral genome. Key words: polio virus, recombinant virus, healthy children, Cote d'Ivoire. African Journal of Biotechnology Vol.3(5) 2004: 289-29

Investigation of rodent reservoirs of emerging pathogens in Côte d'Ivoire, West Africa

Background: One of the main health problems in West Africa remains upsurge of emerging pathogens. Ebola virus disease outbreak occurred in 2014 in Liberia, Guinea and Sierra Leone, Monkeypox virus in Nigeria in 2017 and most recently Lassa virus in Nigeria, Togo and Benin in 2018.  These pathogens have animal reservoirs as vectors for transmission. Proper investigation of the pathogens in their rodent vectors could help  reduce and manage their emergence and spread. Methodology: This study was conducted with an approval from the Côte d’Ivoire Bioethics Community. Small mammal trappings were carried out in  9 sites within three zones namely, peri-urban, peri-rural and protected areas. Liver, lung and kidney tissues from trapped small mammals were  sampled in accordance with the recommended conditions of biosafety and bioethics. The organs were transported in liquid nitrogen to the  laboratory. Molecular tests were used to detect pathogens. Orthopoxviruses and Monkeypox virus were detected in the organs by PCR using  consensus primers targeting the virus surface membrane haemagglutinin (HA) genes, while Leptospira species were detected by PCR using primers  targeting the rrs and lfb1 genes. Results: Out of 4930 night-traps, 256 (5.19%) small mammals were trapped including Crocidura, Rattus, Lophuromys, Praomys, Mus and Mastomys.  Leptospira species were detected in 6 genera from 7 study sites and the infected small mammals accounted for 13.3%. Leptospira sp was detected  mainly in the rodent vector genera Rattus (32.3%), Lophuromys (29.0%), and Praomys (16.1%). Three species of Leptospira were detected and  Leptospira interrogans was the most common frequent species (74.2%). Monkeypox virus was not detected from studied small mammals. Conclusion: The initial data from our investigation indicates the presence of Leptospira sp in rodent vectors, Rattus, Lophuromys and Praomys,  which are the potential small mammalian reservoirs of this pathogen in Cote d’Ivoire

Essai préliminaire de mise en oeuvre de culture de cyanobactérie en Côte d’Ivoire

Les cyanobactéries sont des bactéries photosynthétiques capable produire des métabolites secondaires dont les cyanotoxines. Les blooms à  cyanobactérie toxiques représentent des menaces aussi bien pour l’environnement que l’homme et les animaux. L’étude des toxines et autres métabolites nécessitent des cultures viables de cyanobactérie. Cependant, la culture in vitro de cyanobactérie en Côte d’Ivoire est peu développée. Cette étude s’est donnée pour objectif d’expérimenter la culture in vitro de cyanobactérie à partir d’échantillon de phytoplankton récolté dans la nature. Une revue de la littérature a servi de base à cette étude. Elle a permis d'identifier un site de prélèvement, des techniques et des clés d'identification des cyanobactéries. Elle a également permis la sélection de milieux de culture à utiliser. Un « incubateur artisanal » a été développé pour la culture de cyanobactéries. Le milieu Bold modifié (M1) était statistiquement le plus adapté à la culture des cyanobactéries en général. La composition de ce milieu pourrait avoir favorisé le  développement de certains genres aux détriments d’autres. La culture de cyanobactéries a été mise en oeuvre. Il reste cependant à améliorer la technique à poursuivre vers la purification des cultures et l’étude des  métabolites secondaires. Keywords : Cyanobacterie, Culture, Environnement, Identification, Côte d’Ivoire

First molecular investigation of capsular serotyping and hypervirulent (hvlp) of K. Pneumoniae in university hospital center of yopougon cote d'ivoire

Klebsiella pneumoniae is a well known human pathogen. Although infectious in most nosocomial infections with a high level of resistance, capsular types and circulating hypervirulent strains in our context are not documented. The aims of this study are to identify capsular serotypes and hypervirulent strains circulating at the Yopougon University Hospital in Abidjan. 51 strains of Klebsiella were collected at Chu de Yopougon. The capsular serotypes were determined using PCR and the serotypes K1, K2 and K5 were searched. The hypervirulent strains were also investigated by PCR and by string test. The predominant serotypes were non-K1 / K2 (46/51, 90%). The serotypes found K5 and K2 in (4/51, 7.8%) and (1/51; 1.9%) respectively. The rmpA gene linked to hyperviscosity or hyperviscosity was not found although 25.5% (12/51) were positive for the stretch test. The capsular distribution of strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae seems different from Asian authors. The determination of non-K1non types K2 remains to be elucidated.Keyvords: Klebsiella pneumoniae, capsular serotype - hypervirulencePremiere etude d’investigation moleculaire de serotypage capsulaire et de gene d’hypervirence de klebsiella pneumniae au laboratoire du chu de yopougon en cote d’ivoireKlebsiella pneumoniae est un pathogène nosocomial humain bien connu. Bien qu’incriminé dans la plus part des infections nosocomiales avec un niveau élevé de résistance, les types capsulaires et les souches hypervirulentes circulantes dans notre contexte ne sont pas documentés. L’objectif de cette étude est d'identifier les sérotypes capsulaires et les souches hypervirulentes circulant au CHU de Yopougon Abidjan., 51 souches de Klebsiella ont été collectés au Chu de Yopougon. Les sérotypes capsulaires ont été déterminée à l’aide de la PCR et les sérotypes K1, K2 et K5 ont été recherchés. Les souches hypervirulentes ont été recherchées également par PCR et par le test d’étirement ou string test. Les sérotypes prédominants étaient les non K1/K2 (46/51; 90%). Les sérotypes retrouvés K5 et K2 dans respectivement (4/51; 7,8%) et (1/51 ; 1,9%). Le gène rmpA lié à l’hyperviscosité n’a pas été retrouvé bien que 25,5% (12/51) étaient positives au test d’étirement. La distribution capsulaire des souches de Klebsiella pneumoniae semble différente des auteurs asiatiques. D’ou l’intérêt de travaux plus approfondies afin de déterminer les types capsulaire des souches non K1 non K2.Mots clefs : Klebsiella pneumoniae – serotype capsulaire – Hypervirulenc

Molecular diagnostics by PCR of poxviruses (Orthopoxvirus (OPV) and Molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV)) in Cote d'Ivoire West Africa

The Orthopoxvirus (OPV) and the Molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV) are Poxviruses involved in viruses skin lesions in humans. OPV infects many vertebrates and MCV mainly infects humans. A diagnostic confusion is often observed between the clinical lesions due to the different Poxviruses firstly and secondly with other viruses like the virus of the chickenpox. In Côte d'Ivoire, the diagnosis of MCV remains essentially clinical and that of OPV is non-existent despite the risk of circulation of the virus. This study aims to implementthe molecular detection of the OPV and the MVC in Côte d'Ivoire. Material and method: Cowpoxvirus DNA and 21 DNA extracts from suspicious cutaneous lesions of the MCV were analyzed by conventional PCR. The consensus primers (EACP1, EACP2) designed from the surface hemagglutin gene were used for the detection of the OPVs and the primers (MCV1, MCV2) targeting the K fragment of the MCV were used for the MCV’s detection . A growing dilution series of the Cowpoxvirus DNA and the MCV allowed the study of the method’s sensitivity used. The DNAs of S.aureus, M. ulcerans, VZV, HSV, the Measles virus and Varicella virus were used for the specificity tests. Results: The detection of the OPV from the Cowpoxvirus viral strain was positive with a positivity threshold at 10-1 dilution. That of the MCV DNA from the suspected MCV's lesion was positive with a positivity threshold of up to 10 -6 dilution. No non-specific amplification was observed with the DNAs of the other pathogens responsible for lesions Cutaneous. The clinical diagnosis of the MCV was confirmed by PCR in 18 out of the 21 patients, ie 85.71%. On the 3 patients with a negative MCV PCR, 2 were positive for the OPV PCR , reflecting the risk of confusion between clinical lesions due to Poxviruses.Keyvords: Molecular diagnostic, Poxviruses, West Afric

Biodiversity and implication of waters bugs in transmission of Mycobacterium ulcerans, etiological agent of Buruli ulcer in Côte d’Ivoire (West Africa)

Date du colloque&nbsp;: 04/2009</p