Fast simulation of a quantum phase transition in an ion-trap realisable unitary map

We demonstrate a method of exploring the quantum critical point of the Ising universality class using unitary maps that have recently been demonstrated in ion trap quantum gates. We reverse the idea with which Feynman conceived quantum computing, and ask whether a realisable simulation corresponds to a physical system. We proceed to show that a specific simulation (a unitary map) is physically equivalent to a Hamiltonian that belongs to the same universality class as the transverse Ising Hamiltonian. We present experimental signatures, and numerical simulation for these in the six-qubit case.Comment: 12 pages, 6 figure

Phytochemical screening and Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis on Ischaemumpilosum (Kleinex Willd.)

Ischaemumpilosum (Kleinex Willd.) a weed among the grass is reported for ethno-medicinal practices for treatment of various treatments for human and domestic animals. The current work deals with phytochemical analysis in different parts of plants to find out bioactive compounds. The first-time reported results onI. pilosumreveal the significant phytochemicals by using preliminary phytochemical analysis, UV Visible spectral technique, FTIR analysis and GC-MS analysis. The preliminary phytochemical test confirms the presence of alkaloids, anthraquinone, cardiac glycosides, coumarins, flavonoids, glycosides, phenols, reducing sugars, saponins, steroids, tannin and triterpenes in Ischaemumpilosum.UV Visible spectra and FTIR gives the ranges of absorptions and functional group like Carboxylic acids (O-H) at 2956,92 cm-1, Alkanes (O-H) at 2849,89 cm-1, Aldehydes (C=O) at 1735,92 cm-1, Aromatic Rings (C=C) at 1462,95 cm-1, Alkanes (C-H) at 1377,97 cm-1, Esters (C-O) 1166,95 cm-1and Phenyl Ring (C-H) 758,97 cm-1. The GC-MS analysis related twenty-one compounds like Phenol, 4-bis (1,1-dimethylethyl), Pentanoic acid, 5-hydroxy, 2,4-di-t-butylphenyl esters, E-15-Heptadecenal, 1-Hexadecanol, n-Hexadecanoic acid, l (+)-Ascorbic acid 2,6-dihexadecanoate, Palmitic anhydride, Cycloeicosane, Cis-13-Octadecenoic acid and Triacontane from Ischaemumpilosumleaves extract

Vortices in Ginzburg-Landau billiards

We present an analysis of the Ginzburg-Landau equations for the description of a two-dimensional superconductor in a bounded domain. Using the properties of a special integrability point of these equations which allows vortex solutions, we obtain a closed expression for the energy of the superconductor. The role of the boundary of the system is to provide a selection mechanism for the number of vortices. A geometrical interpretation of these results is presented and they are applied to the analysis of the magnetization recently measured on small superconducting disks. Problems related to the interaction and nucleation of vortices are discussed.Comment: RevTex, 17 pages, 3 eps figure

Lensed quasar search via time variability with the HSC transient survey

Gravitationally lensed quasars are useful for studying astrophysics and cosmology, and enlarging the sample size of lensed quasars is important for multiple studies. In this work, we develop a lens search algorithm for four-image (quad) lensed quasars based on their time variability. In the development of the lens search algorithm, we constructed a pipeline simulating multi-epoch images of lensed quasars in cadenced surveys, accounting for quasar variabilities, quasar hosts, lens galaxies, and the PSF variation. Applying the simulation pipeline to the Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC) transient survey, we generated HSC-like difference images of the mock lensed quasars from Oguri & Marshall's lens catalog. We further developed a lens search algorithm that picks out variable objects as lensed quasar candidates based on their spatial extent in the difference images. We tested our lens search algorithm with the mock lensed quasars and variable objects from the HSC transient survey. Using difference images from multiple epochs, our lens search algorithm achieves a high true-positive rate (TPR) of 90.1% and a low false-positive rate (FPR) of 2.3% for the bright quads with wide separation. With a preselection of the number of blobs in the difference image, we obtain a TPR of 97.6% and a FPR of 2.6% for the bright quads with wide separation. Even when difference images are only available in one single epoch, our lens search algorithm can still detect the bright quads with wide separation at high TPR of 97.6% and low FPR of 2.4% in the optimal seeing scenario, and at TPR of $\sim94$ and FPR of $\sim5$ in typical scenarios. Therefore, our lens search algorithm is promising and is applicable to ongoing and upcoming cadenced surveys, particularly the HSC transient survey and the Rubin Observatory Legacy Survey of Space and Time, for finding new lensed quasar systems. [abridged]Comment: 15 pages, 11 figure

Satellite Kinematics II: The Halo Mass-Luminosity Relation of Central Galaxies in SDSS

The kinematics of satellite galaxies reflect the masses of the extended dark matter haloes in which they orbit, and thus shed light on the mass-luminosity relation (MLR) of their corresponding central galaxies. In this paper we select a large sample of centrals and satellites from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) and measure the kinematics (velocity dispersions) of the satellite galaxies as a function of the $r$-band luminosity of the central galaxies. Using the analytical framework presented in Paper I, we use these data to infer {\it both} the mean and the scatter of the MLR of central galaxies, carefully taking account of selection effects and biases introduced by the stacking procedure. As expected, brighter centrals on average reside in more massive haloes. In addition, we find that the scatter in halo masses for centrals of a given luminosity, $\sigma_{\log M}$, also increases with increasing luminosity. As we demonstrate, this is consistent with $\sigma_{\log L}$, which reflects the scatter in the conditional probability function $P(L_c|M)$, being independent of halo mass. Our analysis of the satellite kinematics yields $\sigma_{\log L}=0.16\pm0.04$, in excellent agreement with constraints from clustering and group catalogues, and with predictions from a semi-analytical model of galaxy formation. We thus conclude that the amount of stochasticity in galaxy formation, which is characterized by $\sigma_{\log L}$, is well constrained, is independent of halo mass, and is in good agreement with current models of galaxy formation.Comment: 17 pages, 12 figures, MNRAS submitte

Pressure formulas for liquid metals and plasmas based on the density-functional theory

At first, pressure formulas for the electrons under the external potential produced by fixed nuclei are derived both in the surface integral and volume integral forms concerning an arbitrary volume chosen in the system; the surface integral form is described by a pressure tensor consisting of a sum of the kinetic and exchange-correlation parts in the density-functional theory, and the volume integral form represents the virial theorem with subtraction of the nuclear virial. Secondly on the basis of these formulas, the thermodynamical pressure of liquid metals and plasmas is represented in the forms of the surface integral and the volume integral including the nuclear contribution. From these results, we obtain a virial pressure formula for liquid metals, which is more accurate and simpler than the standard representation. From the view point of our formulation, some comments are made on pressure formulas derived previously and on a definition of pressure widely used.Comment: 18 pages, no figur

Casimir Effect in Hyperbolic Polygons

We derive a trace formula for the spectra of quantum mechanical systems in hyperbolic polygons which are the fundamental domains of discrete isometry groups acting in the two dimensional hyperboloid. Using this trace formula and the point splitting regularization method we calculate the Casimir energy for a scalar fields in such domains. The dependence of the vacuum energy on the number of vertexes is established.Comment: Latex, 1

Nucleus-Electron Model for States Changing from a Liquid Metal to a Plasma and the Saha Equation

We extend the quantal hypernetted-chain (QHNC) method, which has been proved to yield accurate results for liquid metals, to treat a partially ionized plasma. In a plasma, the electrons change from a quantum to a classical fluid gradually with increasing temperature; the QHNC method applied to the electron gas is in fact able to provide the electron-electron correlation at arbitrary temperature. As an illustrating example of this approach, we investigate how liquid rubidium becomes a plasma by increasing the temperature from 0 to 30 eV at a fixed normal ion-density $1.03 \times 10^{22}/cm^3$. The electron-ion radial distribution function (RDF) in liquid Rb has distinct inner-core and outer-core parts. Even at a temperature of 1 eV, this clear distinction remains as a characteristic of a liquid metal. At a temperature of 3 eV, this distinction disappears, and rubidium becomes a plasma with the ionization 1.21. The temperature variations of bound levels in each ion and the average ionization are calculated in Rb plasmas at the same time. Using the density-functional theory, we also derive the Saha equation applicable even to a high-density plasma at low temperatures. The QHNC method provides a procedure to solve this Saha equation with ease by using a recursive formula; the charge population of differently ionized species are obtained in Rb plasmas at several temperatures. In this way, it is shown that, with the atomic number as the only input, the QHNC method produces the average ionization, the electron-ion and ion-ion RDF's, and the charge population which are consistent with the atomic structure of each ion for a partially ionized plasma.Comment: 28 pages(TeX) and 11 figures (PS