11,432 research outputs found
EPR experiment and 2-photon interferometry: Report of a 2-photon interference experiment
After a very brief review of the historical Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen (EPR) experiments, a new two-photon interference type EPR experiment is reported. A two-photon state was generated by optical parametric down conversion. Pairs of light quanta with degenerate frequency but divergent directions of propagation were sent to two independent Michelson interferometers. First and second order interference effectors were studied. Different than other reports, we observed that the second order interference visibility vanished when the optical path difference of the interferometers were much less than the coherence length of the pumping laser beam. However, we also observed that the second order interference behaved differently depending on whether the interferometers were set at equal or different optical path differences
Coherent control of atomic spin currents in a double well
We propose an experimental feasible method for controlling the atomic
currents of a two-component Bose-Einstein condensate in a double well by
applying an external field to the atoms in one of the potential wells. We study
the ground-state properties of the system and show that the directions of spin
currents and net-particle tunneling can be manipulated by adiabatically varying
the coupling strength between the atoms and the field. This system can be used
for studying spin and tunneling phenomena across a wide range of interaction
parameters. In addition, spin-squeezed states can be generated. It is useful
for quantum information processing and quantum metrology.Comment: 6 pages, 7 figures, minor revisio
Dispersion spreading of polarization-entangled states of light and two-photon interference
We study the interference structure of the second-order intensity correlation
function for polarization-entangled two-photon light obtained from type-II
collinear frequency-degenerate spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC).
The structure is visualised due to the spreading of the two-photon amplitude as
two-photon light propagates through optical fibre with group-velocity
dispersion (GVD). Because of the spreading, polarization-entangled Bell states
can be obtained without any birefringence compensation at the output of the
nonlinear crystal; instead, proper time selection of the intensity correlation
function is required. A birefringent material inserted at the output of the
nonlinear crystal (either reducing the initial o-e delay between the oppositely
polarized twin photons or increasing this delay) leads to a more complicated
interference structure of the correlation function.Comment: Extended version of our recent PRL paper. Submitted to PR
Two-photon interference with thermal light
The study of entangled states has greatly improved the basic understanding
about two-photon interferometry. Two-photon interference is not the
interference of two photons but the result of superposition among
indistinguishable two-photon amplitudes. The concept of two-photon amplitude,
however, has generally been restricted to the case of entangled photons. In
this letter we report an experimental study that may extend this concept to the
general case of independent photons. The experiment also shows interesting
practical applications regarding the possibility of obtaining high resolution
interference patterns with thermal sources.Comment: Added reference 1
New high-efficiency source of photon pairs for engineering quantum entanglement
We have constructed an efficient source of photon pairs using a
waveguide-type nonlinear device and performed a two-photon interference
experiment with an unbalanced Michelson interferometer. Parametric
down-converted photons from the nonlinear device are detected by two detectors
located at the output ports of the interferometer. Because the interferometer
is constructed with two optical paths of different length, photons from the
shorter path arrive at the detector earlier than those from the longer path. We
find that the difference of arrival time and the time window of the coincidence
counter are important parameters which determine the boundary between the
classical and quantum regime. When the time window of the coincidence counter
is smaller than the arrival time difference, fringes of high visibility
(80 10%) were observed. This result is only explained by quantum theory
and is clear evidence for quantum entanglement of the interferometer's optical
paths.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figures, IQEC200
Radiotherapy planning for glioblastoma based on a tumor growth model: Improving target volume delineation
Glioblastoma are known to infiltrate the brain parenchyma instead of forming
a solid tumor mass with a defined boundary. Only the part of the tumor with
high tumor cell density can be localized through imaging directly. In contrast,
brain tissue infiltrated by tumor cells at low density appears normal on
current imaging modalities. In clinical practice, a uniform margin is applied
to account for microscopic spread of disease.
The current treatment planning procedure can potentially be improved by
accounting for the anisotropy of tumor growth: Anatomical barriers such as the
falx cerebri represent boundaries for migrating tumor cells. In addition, tumor
cells primarily spread in white matter and infiltrate gray matter at lower
rate. We investigate the use of a phenomenological tumor growth model for
treatment planning. The model is based on the Fisher-Kolmogorov equation, which
formalizes these growth characteristics and estimates the spatial distribution
of tumor cells in normal appearing regions of the brain. The target volume for
radiotherapy planning can be defined as an isoline of the simulated tumor cell
density.
A retrospective study involving 10 glioblastoma patients has been performed.
To illustrate the main findings of the study, a detailed case study is
presented for a glioblastoma located close to the falx. In this situation, the
falx represents a boundary for migrating tumor cells, whereas the corpus
callosum provides a route for the tumor to spread to the contralateral
hemisphere. We further discuss the sensitivity of the model with respect to the
input parameters. Correct segmentation of the brain appears to be the most
crucial model input.
We conclude that the tumor growth model provides a method to account for
anisotropic growth patterns of glioblastoma, and may therefore provide a tool
to make target delineation more objective and automated
Comment on ``Dispersion-Independent High-Visibility Quantum Interference ... "
We show in this Comment that the interpretation of experimental data as well
as the theory presented in Atat\"ure et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 618 (2000)]
are incorrect and discuss why such a scheme cannot be used to "recover"
high-visibility quantum interference.Comment: Comment on Atat\"ure et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 618 (2000)], 2nd
revision, To appear in Phys. Rev. Lett. April, (2001
Induced Coherence and Stable Soliton Spiraling
We develop a theory of soliton spiraling in a bulk nonlinear medium and
reveal a new physical mechanism: periodic power exchange via induced coherence,
which can lead to stable spiraling and the formation of dynamical two-soliton
states. Our theory not only explains earlier observations, but provides a
number of predictions which are also verified experimentally. Finally, we show
theoretically and experimentally that soliton spiraling can be controled by the
degree of mutual initial coherence.Comment: 4 pages, 5 figure
Experimental Entanglement Concentration and Universal Bell-state Synthesizer
We report a novel Bell-state synthesizer in which an interferometric
entanglement concentration scheme is used. An initially mixed polarization
state from type-II spontaneous parametric down-conversion becomes entangled
after the interferometric entanglement concentrator. This Bell-state
synthesizer is universal in the sense that the output polarization state is not
affected by spectral filtering, crystal thickness, and, most importantly, the
choice of pump source. It is also robust against environmental disturbance and
a more general state, partially mixedpartially entangled state, can be
readily generated as well.Comment: Minor update (Newer data
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