Moving from a Product-Based Economy to a Service-Based Economy for a More Sustainable Future

Traditionally, economic growth and prosperity have been linked with the availability, production and distribution of tangible goods as well as the ability of consumers to acquire such goods. Early evidence regarding this connection dates back to Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations (1776), in which any activity not resulting in the production of a tangible good is characterized as unproductive of any value." Since then, this coupling of economic value and material production has been prevalent in both developed and developing economies throughout the world. One unintended consequence of this coupling has been the exponential increase in the amount of solid waste being generated. The reason is that any production and consumption of material goods eventually generates the equivalent amount of (or even more) waste. Exacerbating this problem is the fact that, with today's manufacturing and supply chain management technologies, it has become cheaper to dispose and replace most products rather than to repair and reuse them. This has given rise to what some call a disposable society." To put things in perspective: In 2012 households in the U.K. generated approximately 22 thousand tons of waste, which amounted to 411 kg of waste generated per person (Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs, 2015). During the same time period, households in the U.S. generated 251 million tons of waste, which is equivalent to a person generating approximately 2 kg of waste every day (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2012). Out of these 251 million tons of total waste generated, approximately 20% of the discarded items were categorized as durable goods. The disposal of durable goods is particularly worrisome because they are typically produced using material from non- renewable resources such as iron, minerals, and petroleum-based raw materials

Effects of Some Indigenous Plant Extracts on Mortality of the Root Lesion Nematode, Pratylenchus thornei Sher & Allen

WOS: 000373756700021The genus of root lesion nematodes (RLN), Pratylenchus, feeds and reproduces in the root cortex of many plant species. RLN was reproduced on carrot culture by using a pure culture. In vitro tests were carried out to determine the effects of plant extracts from three indigenous plants: henbane, Hyoscyamus niger; bead-tree, Melia azedarah and common cocklebur, Xanthium strumarium on P. thornei (the major wheat root-lesion nematode). The nematodes were exposed for 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hrs in three concentrations of plant extracts. The effect of plant extracts was performed using the suspensions of P. thornei (100 nematodes ml(-1)) in distilled water. Distilled water was used as a control. All dishes were kept at 28 +/- 2 degrees C. The plant extracts of H. niger, M. azedarah and X strumarium exhibited highly promising mortality rate (100%) after 72 hours of exposure time. The result of this study suggests the studied plant extracts to be used for reducing the P. thornei population

Identification of common root-lesion nematode (Pratylenchus thornei Sher et Allen) loci in bread wheat

PubMedID: 17213914Plant parasitic nematodes are a major biotic cause of wheat-yield loss in temperate wheat-growing regions. A major strategy to develop resistance to root-lesion nematodes (RLNs) in wheat is to assess and then exploit their natural genetic variation. This study examines RLN (Pratylenchus thornei) resistance in 1 Middle Eastern landrace (AUS4930 7.2) and 1 synthetic hexaploid wheat, CROC_1/AE.SQUARROSA (224)//OPATA (CROC), using F2 and F 9 populations generated by crossing AUS4930 7.2 and CROC with the susceptible cultivar Pastor, and inoculating these crosses with P. thornei in greenhouse trials. Wheat microsatellite markers linked to previously identified quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for resistance to P. thornei and P. neglectus were used to screen both populations. In the AUS4930 7.2 x Pastor population, resistance loci on chromosomes 1B, 2B, and 6D were detected. Similarly, in the CROC x Pastor population, 2 resistance loci, located on chromosomes 1B and 3B, were identified. Interestingly, a resistance locus located on chromosome 6D was not detected. More detailed mapping is required in these 2 populations, developed using new RLN resistance sources, to determine whether the QTLs identified on these chromosomes are the same, are allelic, or are linked to different resistance loci from those previously identified, and to determine whether these 2 sources contain other novel resistance loci. © 2006 NRC

STUDIES ON THE CITRUS NEMATODE, TYLENCHULUS SEMIPENETRANS, COBB IN THE EAST MEDITERRANEAN REGION OF TURKEY.

WOS: 000346299700103

Effects of some indigenous plant extracts on mortality of the root lesion nematode, Pratylenchus thornei Sher & Allen

The genus of root lesion nematodes (RLN), Pratylenchus, feeds and reproduces in the root cortex of many plant species. RLN was reproduced on carrot culture by using a pure culture. In vitro tests were carried out to determine the effects of plant extracts from three indigenous plants: henbane, Hyoscyamus niger; bead-tree, Melia azedarah and common cocklebur, Xanthium strumarium on P. thornei (the major wheat root-lesion nematode). The nematodes were exposed for 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hrs in three concentrations of plant extracts. The effect of plant extracts was performed using the suspensions of P. thornei (100 nematodes ml-1) in distilled water. Distilled water was used as a control. All dishes were kept at 28±2°C. The plant extracts of H. niger, M. azedarah and X. strumarium exhibited highly promising mortality rate (100%) after 72 hours of exposure time. The result of this study suggests the studied plant extracts to be used for reducing the P. thornei population. © 2016, Egyptian Society for Biological Control of Pests. All rights reserved