Suboptimality of Sales Promotions and Improvement Through Channel Coordination

This paper deals with sales promotions in the form of consumer price discounts in fast-moving consumer goods. First, we show analytically that suboptimality is to be expected with respect to the size of the consumer price discount. This is due to the separate decision making of the retailer and the manufacturer. We then compute the impact of this suboptimality for a database of eighty-six sale promotions, and we find that it is substantial. On average, the actual profitability of the sales promotions is only about one fourth of its potential profitability. The suboptimality problem can be solved through specific arrangements between retailer and manufacturer, which have the purpose of better channel coordination. One of these is a proportional discount sharing arrangement, in which each party contributes to the consumer price discount in proportion to its original margin (without sales promotion). Several other winwin arrangements are possible also.Sales promotions;channel coordination;channels of distribution;consumer price discounts

Suboptimality of Sales Promotions and Improvement Through Channel Coordination

This paper deals with sales promotions in the form of consumer price discounts in fast-moving consumer goods. First, we show analytically that suboptimality is to be expected with respect to the size of the consumer price discount. This is due to the separate decision making of the retailer and the manufacturer. We then compute the impact of this suboptimality for a database of eighty-six sale promotions, and we find that it is substantial. On average, the actual profitability of the sales promotions is only about one fourth of its potential profitability. The suboptimality problem can be solved through specific arrangements between retailer and manufacturer, which have the purpose of better channel coordination. One of these is a proportional discount sharing arrangement, in which each party contributes to the consumer price discount in proportion to its original margin (without sales promotion). Several other winwin arrangements are possible also

Food Loss and Waste country profile for Colombia - Estimates of Food Loss and Waste, associated GHG emissions and nutritional losses

The UN and the Champions 12.3 Coalition launched the ‘Target-Measure-Act approach’ calling on all governments and companies to set FLW reduction targets, measure FLW, identify hotspots, and to take action to reduce FLW accordingly (Lipinski, 2020). Lack of data makes it particularly difficult for low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) to specify the hotspot food products and chain stages, to define smart targets and to identify adequate interventions. In order to contribute to this essential information we developed and used a mass flow model based on secondary data (see next section for details). This approach allows to present an indicative country profile showing per food product category and chain stage not only the amount of FLW but also the GHGEs related to producing the FLW and induced nutrient losses. This integrated approach towards FLW reduction can support policy makers and other food system actors taking informed decisions contributing to several sustainability objectives in parallel

Food Loss and Waste country profile for Vietnam - Estimates of Food Loss and Waste, associated GHG emissions and nutritional losses

The UN and the Champions 12.3 Coalition launched the ‘Target-Measure-Act approach’ calling on all governments and companies to set FLW reduction targets, measure FLW, identify hotspots, and to take action to reduce FLW accordingly (Lipinski, 2020). Lack of data makes it particularly difficult for low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) to specify the hotspot food products and chain stages, to define smart targets and to identify adequate interventions. In order to contribute to this essential information we developed and used a mass flow model based on secondary data (see next section for details). This approach allows to present an indicative country profile showing per food product category and chain stage not only the amount of FLW but also the GHGEs related to producing the FLW and induced nutrient losses. This integrated approach towards FLW reduction can support policy makers and other food system actors taking informed decisions contributing to several sustainability objectives in parallel

Food Loss and Waste country profile for Kenya - Estimates of Food Loss and Waste, associated GHG emissions and nutritional losses

The UN and the Champions 12.3 Coalition launched the ‘Target-Measure-Act approach’ calling on all governments and companies to set FLW reduction targets, measure FLW, identify hotspots, and to take action to reduce FLW accordingly (Lipinski, 2020). Lack of data makes it particularly difficult for low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) to specify the hotspot food products and chain stages, to define smart targets and to identify adequate interventions. In order to contribute to this essential information we developed and used a mass flow model based on secondary data (see next section for details). This approach allows to present an indicative country profile showing per food product category and chain stage not only the amount of FLW but also the GHGEs related to producing the FLW and induced nutrient losses. This integrated approach towards FLW reduction can support policy makers and other food system actors taking informed decisions contributing to several sustainability objectives in parallel

Food Loss and Waste country profile for China - Estimates of Food Loss and Waste, associated GHG emissions and nutritional losses

The UN and the Champions 12.3 Coalition launched the ‘Target-Measure-Act approach’ calling on all governments and companies to set FLW reduction targets, measure FLW, identify hotspots, and to take action to reduce FLW accordingly (Lipinski, 2020). Lack of data makes it particularly difficult for low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) to specify the hotspot food products and chain stages, to define smart targets and to identify adequate interventions. In order to contribute to this essential information we developed and used a mass flow model based on secondary data (see next section for details). This approach allows to present an indicative country profile showing per food product category and chain stage not only the amount of FLW but also the GHGEs related to producing the FLW and induced nutrient losses. This integrated approach towards FLW reduction can support policy makers and other food system actors taking informed decisions contributing to several sustainability objectives in parallel

Activity-based protein profiling reveals off-target proteins of the FAAH inhibitor BIA 10-2474

A recent phase 1 trial of the fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitor BIA 10-2474 led to the death of one volunteer and produced mild-to-severe neurological symptoms in four others. Although the cause of the clinical neurotoxicity is unknown, it has been postulated, given the clinical safety profile of other tested FAAH inhibitors, that off-target activities of BIA 10-2474 may have played a role. Here we use activity-based proteomic methods to determine the protein interaction landscape of BIA 10-2474 in human cells and tissues. This analysis revealed that the drug inhibits several lipases that are not targeted by PF04457845, a highly selective and clinically tested FAAH inhibitor. BIA 10-2474, but not PF04457845, produced substantial alterations in lipid networks in human cortical neurons, suggesting that promiscuous lipase inhibitors have the potential to cause metabolic dysregulation in the nervous system.Bio-organic SynthesisMolecular Physiolog

Activity-based protein profiling reveals off-target proteins of the FAAH inhibitor BIA 10-2474

A recent phase 1 trial of the fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitor BIA 10-2474 led to the death of one volunteer and produced mild-to-severe neurological symptoms in four others. Although the cause of the clinical neurotoxicity is unknown, it has been postulated, given the clinical safety profile of other tested FAAH inhibitors, that off-target activities of BIA 10-2474 may have played a role. Here we use activity-based proteomicmethods to determine the protein interaction landscape of BIA 10-2474 in human cells and tissues. This analysis revealed that the drug inhibits several lipases that are not targeted by PF04457845, a highly selective and clinically tested FAAH inhibitor. BIA 10-2474, but not PF04457845, produced substantial alterations in lipid networks in human cortical neurons, suggesting that promiscuous lipase inhibitors have the potential to cause metabolic dysregulation in the nervous system

Discovery of a NAPE-PLD inhibitor that modulates emotional behavior in mice

N-acylethanolamines (NAEs), which include the endocannabinoid anandamide, represent an important family of signaling lipids in the brain. The lack of chemical probes that modulate NAE biosynthesis in living systems hamper the understanding of the biological role of these lipids. Using a high-throughput screen, chemical proteomics and targeted lipidomics, we report here the discovery and characterization of LEI-401 as a CNS-active N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine phospholipase D (NAPE-PLD) inhibitor. LEI-401 reduced NAE levels in neuroblastoma cells and in the brain of freely moving mice, but not in NAPE-PLD KO cells and mice, respectively. LEI-401 activated the hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal axis and impaired fear extinction, thereby emulating the effect of a cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist, which could be reversed by a fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitor. Our findings highlight the distinctive role of NAPE-PLD in NAE biosynthesis in the brain and suggest the presence of an endogenous NAE tone controlling emotional behavior.NWOMicrobial Biotechnolog