???? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ???????

Human beings are created by God into two big clustersnamely male and female. Based on striking differences between the two types of creatures has implications for many things, including language..The grouping of nouns by type is a fairly unique phenomenon. The phenomenon is found almost in most languages ??of the world, not only in the Smith-Hmit family, but in Indo-European languages ??with varying quality and quantity.In Arabic, the example of this linguistic phenomenon is very powerful and is one of the characteristics of the Arabic language.The most popular theory of word grouping into muzakkar (male) and muannats (females) is a theory that sees a connection and relationship between the word(lafaz) and the meaning (Makna). In the historical perspective of ancient society, it is also associated with the myths of public belief based on the nature of the world in general consists of muzakkar and muannats.These theory - in another perspective - especially the ancient society has the power of argument and reason, but in the perspective of modern society has a deadlock of argument and loses its relevance. The issue not only ends in the classification aspect, but it is more difficult to make perfect rules that can be followed to identify the types of muzakkar and muannats. The rules of muzakkar and muannats in the reference books of nahwu are not separated from a large number of exceptions. Therefore, the conclusion of the muzakkar and muannats theories in Arabic refers to the tradition of Arabic usage of a particular word, and empowering a complete encyclopedia of muzakkar and muannats rather than creating many rules that are unable to accommodate a general distinction between the two type of the word

HARAPAN DAN KINERJA YANG DIRASAKAN PEMAKAI JASA TRANSPORTASI ANGKUTAN KOTA DI KOTA PADANG

The background of the research is issue about the importance of qualified service in transportation. The subject of research is the city transportations service in Padang City with 100 responden. To purposes of the research is to know perceived service. expected service, quality of service and customer satisfaction. These reseach consist of some aspects of quality dimension are. tangibles. empathy, reliability, responsiveness and assurance. Result of research shows that consumer expectation have the higher expection until the highest" . expecnon to the all aspect. the performance of service have criteria are lack of satisfaction and normally satisfaction. The quality of city transportatio in Padang city shows approximately -0,91 untill 1,75. The expection rate of the city transportation services in Padang city shows 58,63% until/ 78,02% namely nornal satisfaction criteria untill satisfaction criteria

HARAPAN DAN KINERJA YANG DIRASAKAN PEMAKAI JASA TRANSPORTASI ANGKUTAN KOTA DI KOTA PADANG

The background of the research is issue about the importance of qualified service in transportation. The subject of research is the city transportations service in Padang City with 100 responden. To purposes of the research is to know perceived service. expected service, quality of service and customer satisfaction. These reseach consist of some aspects of quality dimension are. tangibles. empathy, reliability, responsiveness and assurance. Result of research shows that consumer expectation have the higher expection until the highest" . expecnon to the all aspect. the performance of service have criteria are lack of satisfaction and normally satisfaction. The quality of city transportatio in Padang city shows approximately -0,91 untill 1,75. The expection rate of the city transportation services in Padang city shows 58,63% until/ 78,02% namely nornal satisfaction criteria untill satisfaction criteria

PEMBUATAN DAN KARAKTERISASI KOMPOSIT POLIMER BERPENGUAT SERAT ALAM

PEMBUATAN DAN KARAKTERISASI KOMPOSIT POLIMER BERPENGUAT SERAT ALAM. Telah dilakukan pembuatan komposit dengan matriks polimer yaitu epoksi dan poliester dengan bahan penguat (filler) serat alam, yaitu serat pisang dan serat ijuk yang dikombinasikan satu sama lain menjadi empat macam komposit yaitu komposit epoksi-pisang, epoksi-ijuk, poliester-pisang, dan poliester-ijuk. Untuk keempat macam komposit tersebut, pengaruh penambahan lapisan serat pada matriks polimer terhadap sifat mekanik dan mikrostruktur bahan komposit dipelajari. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan, secara umum penambahan lapisan serat menurunkan nilai kekuatan tarik komposit, kecuali untuk komposit bermatriks epoksi dengan penguat serat ijuk. Nilai kekuatan tarik tertinggi diperoleh komposit epoksi-serat ijuk 3 lapis yaitu 45,44 MPa, sedangkan komposit epoksi-serat pisang 3 lapis memiliki nilai kekuatan tarik sebesar 30,47 MPa. Nilai kekuatan tarik terendah diperoleh komposit poliester-serat pisang 3 lapis yaitu 15,62MPa, sedangkan jika ditambahkan serat ijuk 3 lapis kekuatan tariknyamenjadi 22,18MPa. Selain itu, penambahan serat pada matriks polimer secara umum menurunkan nilai kekerasan komposit. Dari pengamatan strukturmikro ternyata kurangnya ikatan antara serat dengan matriks polimer dan distribusi serat pada matriks polimer mempengaruhi nilai kekuatan tarik dan nilai kekerasan bahan komposit

Stereoselective chromium- and molybdenum-mediated transformations of arenes

Tricarbonylchromium-mediated dearomatization provides a rapid access to substituted cyclohexadienes. Efficient asymmetric routes to planar chiral arene complexes and to substituted cyclohexadienes have been developed. The article sums up the main features of this chemistry. Highly enantiomerically enriched ortho-substituted benzaldehyde complexes are accessible via asymmetric lithiation followed by trapping with electrophiles. In different solvents, the trimethylsilyl complex exhibits [alpha] values ranging from −174 to +108 for the same enantiomer. Details of two asymmetric syntheses of natural products are given: the alkaloid lasubine I starting from a highly enantiomerically enriched planar chiral arene complex and the marine furanosesquiterpene acetoxytubipofuran. The latter is assembled via asymmetric dearomatization of a benzaldehyde imine complex. Other key steps include an Eschenmoser-Claisen rearrangement and a regio- and diastereoselective Pd-catalyzed allylic substitution. The final section deals with labile arene metal complexes. For the first time, dearomatization reactions mediated by the Mo(CO)3 group have been realized. The reactions show strong analogies to the Cr(CO)3-mediated reactions, but exhibit also marked differences: the arene-Mo bond is stronger, but more labile, and the sequential double additions show different selectivities compared to the chromium analog

Binding to SMN2 pre-mRNA-protein complex elicits specificity for small molecule splicing modifiers

Small molecule splicing modifiers have been previously described that target the general splicing machinery and thus have low specificity for individual genes. Several potent molecules correcting the splicing deficit of the SMN2 (survival of motor neuron 2) gene have been identified and these molecules are moving towards a potential therapy for spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). Here by using a combination of RNA splicing, transcription, and protein chemistry techniques, we show that these molecules directly bind to two distinct sites of the SMN2 pre-mRNA, thereby stabilizing a yet unidentified ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex that is critical to the specificity of these small molecules for SMN2 over other genes. In addition to the therapeutic potential of these molecules for treatment of SMA, our work has wide-ranging implications in understanding how small molecules can interact with specific quaternary RNA structures

Diversity oriented biosynthesis via accelerated evolution of modular gene clusters.

Erythromycin, avermectin and rapamycin are clinically useful polyketide natural products produced on modular polyketide synthase multienzymes by an assembly-line process in which each module of enzymes in turn specifies attachment of a particular chemical unit. Although polyketide synthase encoding genes have been successfully engineered to produce novel analogues, the process can be relatively slow, inefficient, and frequently low-yielding. We now describe a method for rapidly recombining polyketide synthase gene clusters to replace, add or remove modules that, with high frequency, generates diverse and highly productive assembly lines. The method is exemplified in the rapamycin biosynthetic gene cluster where, in a single experiment, multiple strains were isolated producing new members of a rapamycin-related family of polyketides. The process mimics, but significantly accelerates, a plausible mechanism of natural evolution for modular polyketide synthases. Detailed sequence analysis of the recombinant genes provides unique insight into the design principles for constructing useful synthetic assembly-line multienzymes