Application of filtration rate models to field populations of bivalves: an assessment using experimental mesocosms

Gross sedimentation of 14C labelled carbon was 58% greater in mesocosms (13 m3) containing the bivalve Mercenaria mercenaria (16 in m-2) relative to controls without this filter feeder. This difference was attributed to the activities of M. mercenaria and presumably due to filtration of particles from the water column. Of this increase, 32% and 47% were attributable to assimilation into clam tissue and respiration by the benthic community respectively. Permanent biodeposition by the clams contributed the least (21%). The ability of 8 filtration rate models to predict the increase in gross sedimentation was examined. Those models (4) which were based on data for bivalves filtering natural suspensions of particulate matter gave estimates which agreed well with observed differences. Those models (4) which yielded poor predictions used dues or algal monocultures to generate data and overestimated gross sedimentation due to bivalves by up to an order of magnitude. Such overestimation may exaggerate the role of bivalves in enhancing sedimentation and controlling phytoplankton biomass in shallow waters

The effects of the filter-feeding clam Mercenaria mercenaria on carbon cycling in experimental marine mesocosms

The metabolism and the fate of 14C labelled carbon was examined in 4 outdoor mesocosm (13 m3) tanks containing both benthic and pelagic compartments. Mesocosms with (16/m2) and without the clam, Mercenaria mercenaria were compared. System production, net and gross sedimentation of particulate carbon and benthic remineralization of dissolved inorganic nitrogen were all greater in mesocosms with clams. A filtration rate model, dependent on clam size and temperature, explained between 74–114% of the increased gross sedimentation in clam tanks relative to controls.The higher production in the clam tanks was at least in part due to a greater flux of dissolved inorganic nitrogen from the benthos. Despite this greater production in the clam tanks, water column biomass remained similar to controls. Calculations based on the filtration rate model indicated that clams could have consumed between 30% and 46% of the excess biomass produced during the day. Loss of particles due to processes in the water column appeared to consume most of this excess biomass. Although clams enhanced production and sedimentation, they did not limit phytoplankton biomass in the water column through filtration

Phosphorus and nitrogen limitation of primary production in a simulated estuarine gradient

The transition between phosphorus limitation of primary production in freshwater and nitrogen limitation in seawater was examined along an estuarine gradient simulated in 4 large 13 m3 enclosures connected in a series and containing pelagic and benthic subsystems. Nominal salinities of 0, 5, 10 and 25 ppt were maintained by exchanging appropriate volumes of water between enclosures. River water, which served as a freshwater endmember, was naturally high in N relative to P, while the oceanic endmember (water from Narragansett Bay, RI, USA) was low in N relative to P. Production in the water column was supported by external inputs and recycled nutrients. Bioassays, inorganic nutrient concentrations and N:P ratios of the seston and inorganic nutrients indicated that phosphorus was limiting at 0, 5 and 10 ppt, while nitrogen was limiting at 25 ppt. Coincident with this shift in limiting nutrient was a shift in the N:P ratio of nutrient supply from greater than the Redfield ratio of 16 to less than 16. External inputs established relative rates of supply in each enclosure. The relative proportion of N and P in external inputs was largely a function of the hydrodynamic mixing of fresh (high N, low P) and salt water (low N, high P) endmembers. At the scale of the estuarine segment or enclosure, neither recycled inputs from the benthos and water column, nitrogen fixation nor internal losses of N and P to sedimentation and/or denitrification materially altered relative supply rates, despite a hydrodynamic residence time of 27 d

Growth in ataxia telangiectasia

BACKGROUND: Ataxia telangiectasia (A-T) is a DNA repair disorder that affects multiple body systems. Neurological problems and immunodeficiency are two important features of this disease. At this time, two main severity groups are defined in A-T: classic (the more severe form) and mild. Poor growth is a common problem in classic A-T. An objective of this study was to develop growth references for classic A-T. Another objective was to compare growth patterns in classic A-T and mild A-T with each other and with the general population, using the CDC growth references. A final objective was to examine the effects of chronic infection on height. RESULTS: We found that classic A-T patients were smaller overall, and suffered from height and weight faltering that continued throughout childhood and adolescence. When compared to the CDC growth references, the median heights and weights for both male and female patients eventually fell to or below the 3rd centile on the CDC charts. Height faltering was more pronounced in females. Birthweight was lower in the classic A-T group compared to mild A-T and the general population, whereas birth length was not. Finally, we investigated height and BMI faltering in relation to number of infections and found no association. CONCLUSIONS: Classic A-T appears to affect growth in utero. Although children appear to grow well in very early life, faltering begins early, and is unrelenting

Disfluency in dialogue:an intentional signal from the speaker?

Disfluency is a characteristic feature of spontaneous human speech, commonly seen as a consequence of problems with production. However, the question remains open as to why speakers are disfluent: Is it a mechanical by-product of planning difficulty, or do speakers use disfluency in dialogue to manage listeners' expectations? To address this question, we present two experiments investigating the production of disfluency in monologue and dialogue situations. Dialogue affected the linguistic choices made by participants, who aligned on referring expressions by choosing less frequent names for ambiguous images where those names had previously been mentioned. However, participants were no more disfluent in dialogue than in monologue situations, and the distribution of types of disfluency used remained constant. Our evidence rules out at least a straightforward interpretation of the view that disfluencies are an intentional signal in dialogue. © 2012 Psychonomic Society, Inc

Evaluation of ECA Gesture strategies for robust Human-Computer Interaction

Embodied Conversational Agents (ECAs) offer us the possibility to design pleasant and efficient human-machine interaction. In this paper we present an evaluation scheme to compare dialogue-based speaker authentication and information retrieval systems with and without ECAs on the interface. We used gestures and other visual cues to improve fluency and robustness of interaction with these systems. Our tests results suggest that when an ECA is present users perceive fewer system errors, their frustration levels are lower, turn-changing goes more smoothly, the interaction experience is more enjoyable, and system capabilities are generally perceived more positively than when no ECA is present. However, the ECA seems to intensify the users' privacy concerns

The Theory/Applications Balance in Management Pedagogy: Where Do We Stand?

Business schools are expected to be "professional" in the sense that their mission is primarily to prepare people to practice their skills in the business world. Various critics, however, claim that management professors overemphasize theory and research and neglect the practice and applications students need to transfer classroom theory to the world of practice. This study compared an earlier sample with a more recent sample of Academy of Management members concerning the relative emphasis they believed should be placed on theory and applications in management pedagogy and the techniques they used to bring applications into the classroom. Current respondents believed that more emphasis should be placed on applications than the earlier respondents. An unexpected finding, however, was that the more recent respondents reported a lower mean usage of pedagogical techniques that are appropriate for developing students' ability to apply course concepts than the previous group. Possible reasons for these incongruent findings are discussed as well as the implications for management pedagogy.Yeshttps://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/manuscript-submission-guideline

International entrepreneurship in SMEs: a study of influencing factors in the textile industry

The final publication is available at Springer via http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11365-012-0242-3International entrepreneurship is an incipient research area with a rapidly increasing body of knowledge and contributions. An important part of this literature has focused on the analysis of the contributing factors to IE development. From these studies, this work attempts to analyse and validate through an integrative model the effect on this construct in SME of some of the main factors proposed by the literature such as Skills and Competences, Attitude and Proactiveness, Creativity and Innovation, Networking, Employees and Activity. To proceed with this aim, we conducted an empirical research focused on 174 textile SME in Spain. The results obtained confirm a positive relationship between the studied factors and the IE development. 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