64 research outputs found
What lies beneath: exploring links between asylum policy and hate crime in the UK
This paper explores the link between increasing incidents of hate crime and the asylum policy of successive British governments with its central emphasis on deterrence. The constant problematisation of asylum seekers in the media and political discourse ensures that 'anti-immigrant' prejudice becomes mainstr earned as a common-sense response. The victims are not only the asylum seekers hoping for a better life but democratic society itself with its inherent values of pluralism and tolerance debased and destabilised
A Roma European crisis road-map: a holistic answer to a complex problem
This contribution explores the adequacy of EU action with regard to the Roma. The expulsion of large numbers of Roma individuals, accompanied by other discriminatory practices and forms of hostility, exclusion and violence against the Roma across Europe, has brought the attention of the media and policy makers to Roma issues to a greater extent than ever before during the last decade. The range of problems still afflicting the lives of many Roma individuals nowadays is extremely wide, well researched and profusely documented. This contribution leaves aside issues related to free movement and EU citizenship, thus moving the debate beyond the narrow framework of the âmigrant Romaâ. This contribution considers the wide range of relevant EU competences in this field, and assesses how comprehensive and appropriate the EUâs approach to Roma issues is. The analysis combines legal instruments, policy papers, and case law, draws from legal and non-legal literature, and integrates considerations of a social, economic and cultural nature. In the process, this contribution considers themes that cut across several strands of the EUâs Roma policy, including fundamental rights, intercultural sensitivity, the limits of the âintegration modelâ, and issues of enforcement, monitoring and funding. The logical narrative developed puts together the key jigsaw pieces that currently contribute to an EU Roma policy, and clearly identifies the limitations of the present state of affairs. Finally, this contribution interrogates the trends underlying the development of the EU Roma policy and puts forward a range of recommendations
Long term records of erosional change from marine ferromanganese crusts
Ferromanganese crusts from the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans record the Nd and Pb isotope compositions of the water masses from which they form as hydrogenous precipitates. The10Be/9Be-calibrated time series for crusts are compared to estimates based on Co-contents, from which the equatorial Pacific crusts studied are inferred to have recorded ca. 60 Ma of Pacific deep water history. Time series of ÉNd show that the oceans have maintained a strong provinciality in Nd isotopic composition, determined by terrigenous inputs, over periods of up to 60 Ma. Superimposed on the distinct basin-specific signatures are variations in Nd and Pb isotope time series which have been particularly marked over the last 5 Ma.
It is shown that changes in erosional inputs, particularly associated with Himalayan uplift and the northern hemisphere glaciation have influenced Indian and Atlantic Ocean deep water isotopic compositions respectively. There is no evidence so far for an imprint of the final closure of the Panama Isthmus on the Pb and Nd isotopic composition in either Atlantic or Pacific deep water masses
Mantle Pb paradoxes : the sulfide solution
Author Posting. © Springer, 2006. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of Springer for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 152 (2006): 295-308, doi:10.1007/s00410-006-0108-1.There is growing evidence that the budget of Pb in mantle peridotites is largely
contained in sulfide, and that Pb partitions strongly into sulfide relative to silicate melt. In
addition, there is evidence to suggest that diffusion rates of Pb in sulfide (solid or melt)
are very fast. Given the possibility that sulfide melt âwetsâ sub-solidus mantle silicates,
and has very low viscosity, the implications for Pb behavior during mantle melting are
profound. There is only sparse experimental data relating to Pb partitioning between
sulfide and silicate, and no data on Pb diffusion rates in sulfides. A full understanding of
Pb behavior in sulfide may hold the key to several long-standing and important Pb
paradoxes and enigmas. The classical Pb isotope paradox arises from the fact that all
known mantle reservoirs lie to the right of the Geochron, with no consensus as to the
identity of the âbalancingâ reservoir. We propose that long-term segregation of sulfide
(containing Pb) to the core may resolve this paradox. Another Pb paradox arises from the fact that the Ce/Pb ratio of both OIB and MORB
is greater than bulk earth, and constant at a value of 25. The constancy of this âcanonical
ratioâ implies similar partition coefficients for Ce and Pb during magmatic processes
(Hofmann et al. 1986), whereas most experimental studies show that Pb is more
incompatible in silicates than Ce. Retention of Pb in residual mantle sulfide during
melting has the potential to bring the bulk partitioning of Ce into equality with Pb if the
sulfide melt/silicate melt partition coefficient for Pb has a value of ~ 14. Modeling shows
that the Ce/Pb (or Nd/Pb) of such melts will still accurately reflect that of the source, thus
enforcing the paradox that OIB and MORB mantles have markedly higher Ce/Pb (and
Nd/Pb) than the bulk silicate earth. This implies large deficiencies of Pb in the mantle
sources for these basalts. Sulfide may play other important roles during magmagenesis:
1). advective/diffusive sulfide networks may form potent metasomatic agents (in both
introducing and obliterating Pb isotopic heterogeneities in the mantle); 2). silicate melt
networks may easily exchange Pb with ambient mantle sulfides (by diffusion or
assimilation), thus âsamplingâ Pb in isotopically heterogeneous mantle domains
differently from the silicate-controlled isotope tracer systems (Sr, Nd, Hf), with an
apparent âde-couplingâ of these systems.Our intemperance
should not be blamed on the support we gratefully acknowledge from NSF: EAR-
0125917 to SRH and OCE-0118198 to GAG
How do parents manage irritability, challenging behavior, non-compliance and anxiety in children with Autism Spectrum Disorders? A meta-synthesis
Although there is increasing research interest in the parenting of children with ASD, at present, little is known about everyday strategies used to manage problem behaviour. We conducted a meta-synthesis to explore what strategies parents use to manage irritability, non-compliance, challenging behaviour and anxiety in their children with ASD. Approaches included: (1) accommodating the child; (2) modifying the environment; (3) providing structure, routine and occupation; (4) supervision and monitoring; (5) managing non-compliance with everyday tasks; (6) responding to problem behaviour; (7) managing distress; (8) maintaining safety and (9) analysing and planning. Results suggest complex parenting demands in children with ASD and problem behaviour. Findings will inform the development of a new measure to quantify parenting strategies relevant to ASD
The History, Relevance, and Applications of the Periodic System in Geochemistry
Geochemistry is a discipline in the earth sciences concerned with understanding the chemistry of the Earth and what that chemistry tells us about the processes that control the formation and evolution of Earth materials and the planet itself. The periodic table and the periodic system, as developed by Mendeleev and others in the nineteenth century, are as important in geochemistry as in other areas of chemistry. In fact, systemisation of the myriad of observations that geochemists make is perhaps even more important in this branch of chemistry, given the huge variability in the nature of Earth materials â from the Fe-rich core, through the silicate-dominated mantle and crust, to the volatile-rich ocean and atmosphere. This systemisation started in the eighteenth century, when geochemistry did not yet exist as a separate pursuit in itself. Mineralogy, one of the disciplines that eventually became geochemistry, was central to the discovery of the elements, and nineteenth-century mineralogists played a key role in this endeavour. Early âgeochemistsâ continued this systemisation effort into the twentieth century, particularly highlighted in the career of V.M. Goldschmidt. The focus of the modern discipline of geochemistry has moved well beyond classification, in order to invert the information held in the properties of elements across the periodic table and their distribution across Earth and planetary materials, to learn about the physicochemical processes that shaped the Earth and other planets, on all scales. We illustrate this approach with key examples, those rooted in the patterns inherent in the periodic law as well as those that exploit concepts that only became familiar after Mendeleev, such as stable and radiogenic isotopes
Secular variation of Nd and Pb-isotopes in ferromanganese crusts from the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans
Two ferromanganese crusts from the Indian Ocean and one from the Atlantic Ocean have been analysed for 10Be/9Be, 143Nd/144Nd and 208,207,206Pb/204Pb ratios as a function of depth beneath their growth surfaces. 10Be/9Be ratios provide growth rate estimates for these crusts between 1.55 and 2.82 mm Maâ1 and further suggest that 87Sr/86Sr in crusts do not in any case examined so far provide reliable estimates for growth rates. A crust ALV-539 from 35°N in the western N. Atlantic has Ï”Nd and Pb-isotope variations indistinguishable from crust BM-1969.05 from 39°N in the N. Atlantic [K.W. Burton, H.-F. Ling, R.K. O'Nions, Closure of the central American isthmus and its impact on North Atlantic deepwater circulation, Nature (London) 386 (1997) 382â385] when 10Be/10Be ratios are used to estimate growth rates. Both crusts provide evidence for a marked change in deepwater composition in the western N. Atlantic with a reduction in Ï”Nd and an increase in 206Pb/204Pb from âŒ8 Ma ago towards the present day. The two crusts from the Indian Ocean show comparatively small variations in Ï”Nd between â8.0 and â7.0 over the last 20 Ma and do not show the large shift in Ï”Nd seen in the Atlantic crusts. Comparison of Ï”Nd in the crusts analysed here with those published previously [H.-F. Ling, K.W. Burton, R.K. O'Nions, B.S. Kamber, F. von Blanckenburg, A.J. Gibb, J.R. Hein, Evolution of Nd and Pb isotopes in central Pacific seawater from ferromanganese crusts, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 146 (1997) 1â12; K.W. Burton, H-F. Ling, R.K. O'Nions, Closure of the central American isthmus and its impact on North Atlantic deepwater circulation, Nature (London) 386 (1997) 382â385] shows that provinciality in the present-day Ï”Nd structure of the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans has been maintained over âŒ20 Ma or more despite the palaeogeographic changes that have occurred within this period. These include the closure of the Panama gateway and the uplift of the Himalayas. Superimposed on this broad inter-ocean structure are changes in Ï”Nd of the western N. Atlantic which may relate to the Panama gateway closure and shifts in the Ï”Nd of equatorial Pacific deepwater from 3â5 Ma ago. The absence of any such structure in Ï”Nd of the southwest and central Indian Ocean suggests that Himalayan erosion products such as preserved in the Bengal Fan sediments have not contributed significantly to Indian Ocean deepwater over the last 20 Ma. There is no straightforward relationship between records of 87Sr/86Sr in the global ocean and Ï”Nd in ocean deepwater as would be expected if inputs of radiogenic Sr and unradiogenic Nd were coupled
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