Study of pallial neurogenesis in shark embryos and the evolutionary origin of the subventricular zone

The dorsal part of the developing telencephalon is one of the brain areas that has suffered most drastic changes throughout vertebrate evolution. Its evolutionary increase in complexity was thought to be partly achieved by the appearance of a new neurogenic niche in the embryonic subventricular zone (SVZ). Here, a new kind of amplifying progenitors (basal progenitors) expressing Tbr2, undergo a second round of divisions, which is believed to have contributed to the expansion of the neocortex. Accordingly, the existence of a pallial SVZ has been classically considered exclusive of mammals. However, the lack of studies in ancient vertebrates precludes any clear conclusion about the evolutionary origin of the SVZ and the neurogenic mechanisms that rule pallial development. In this work, we explore pallial neurogenesis in a basal vertebrate, the shark Scyliorhinus canicula, through the study of the expression patterns of several neurogenic markers. We found that apical progenitors and radial migration are present in sharks, and therefore, their presence must be highly conserved throughout evolution. Surprisingly, we detected a subventricular band of ScTbr2-expressing cells, some of which also expressed mitotic markers, indicating that the existence of basal progenitors should be considered an ancestral condition rather than a novelty of mammals or amniotes. Finally, we report that the transcriptional program for the specification of glutamatergic pallial cells (Pax6, Tbr2, NeuroD, Tbr1) is also present in sharks. However, the segregation of these markers into different cell types is not clear yet, which may be linked to the lack of layering in anamniotesThis work was supported by the Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad-FEDER (BFU2014-5863-1P)S

O estresse salino retarda o desenvolvimento morfofisiológico e a ativação de galactosidases de parede celular em caules de Vigna unguiculata Salt stress delays morphophysiological development and activation of cell wall galactosidases in Vigna unguiculata stems

Com o objetivo de examinar o envolvimento das &#945;- e &#946;-galactosidases na expansão celular de caules de plântulas de feijão-de-corda submetidas a estresse salino durante o estabelecimento da plântula, e de analisar os efeitos do estresse salino no desenvolvimento das plântulas e nas atividades enzimáticas, sementes de feijão-de-corda Pitiúba foram semeadas em água destilada e em solução de NaCl 100 mM. Foram coletados caules em diferentes estádios de desenvolvimento e com diferentes tempos após a semeadura. Avaliou-se o crescimento através das medidas de comprimento e das matérias fresca e seca dos caules. A salinidade tanto inibiu como retardou o crescimento dos caules. Os efeitos do NaCl nas atividades galactosidásicas de parede celular foram estudados in vivo e in vitro. A inibição e o retardamento do crescimento dos caules correlacionaram-se com as variações em atividades galactosidásicas. As galactosidases de parede celular de caules de plântulas tiveram suas atividades inibidas com o aumento da concentração de sal no meio de reação. A partir de 250 mM de NaCl as &#946;-galactosidases foram mais sensíveis ao sal que &#945;-galactosidases.<br>In order to examine the participation of &#945;- and &#946;-galactosidases in the cell expansion of stems from cowpea seedlings submitted to salt stress during plant establishment as well as to analyze the effect of salt stress on the development of seedlings and enzymatic activities, Pitiúba cowpea seeds were sown in distilled water and in 100 mM NaCl. Throughout seed germination and seedling development, stems were harvested from seedlings at different stages of development and at different times after planting. Growth was evaluated by measuring stem length and fresh and dry mass of stems. Salinity both inhibited and delayed the growth of seedling stems. The effects of NaCl on galactosidase activities of the cell wall were studied, both in vivo and in vitro. Galactosidase activities in vivo were related to effects of NaCl inhibition and delay of stem development. The increase in salt concentration inhibited isolated galactosidase activity of cell wall from stems of seedlings. Starting at 250 mM NaCl, &#946;-galactosidases were more sensitive to salt than &#945;-galactosidases

Down syndrome as risk factor for respiratory syncytial virus hospitalization : A prospective multicenter epidemiological study

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in childhood, particularly in premature infants, is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. To compare the hospitalization rates due to RSV infection and severity of disease between infants with and without Down syndrome (DS) born at term and without other associated risk factors for severe RSV infection. In a prospective multicentre epidemiological study, 93 infants were included in the DS cohort and 68 matched by sex and data of birth (±1 week) and were followed up to 1 year of age and during a complete RSV season. The hospitalization rate for all acute respiratory infection was significantly higher in the DS cohort than in the non-DS cohort (44.1% vs 7.7%, P<.0001). Hospitalizations due to RSV were significantly more frequent in the DH cohort than in the non-DS cohort (9.7% vs 1.5%, P=.03). RSV prophylaxis was recorded in 33 (35.5%) infants with DS. The rate of hospitalization according to presence or absence of RSV immunoprophylaxis was 3.0% vs 15%, respectively. Infants with DS showed a higher rate of hospitalization due to acute lower respiratory tract infection and RSV infection compared to non-DS infants. Including DS infants in recommendations for immunoprophylaxis of RSV disease should be considered

Impact of malignancy on outcomes in European patients with atrial fibrillation: A report from the ESC‐EHRA EURObservational research programme in atrial fibrillation general long‐term registry

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