Identification of candidate Parkinson disease genes by integrating genome-wide association study, expression, and epigenetic data sets

Importance Substantial genome-wide association study (GWAS) work in Parkinson disease (PD) has led to the discovery of an increasing number of loci shown reliably to be associated with increased risk of disease. Improved understanding of the underlying genes and mechanisms at these loci will be key to understanding the pathogenesis of PD. Objective To investigate what genes and genomic processes underlie the risk of sporadic PD. Design and Setting This genetic association study used the bioinformatic tools Coloc and transcriptome-wide association study (TWAS) to integrate PD case-control GWAS data published in 2017 with expression data (from Braineac, the Genotype-Tissue Expression [GTEx], and CommonMind) and methylation data (derived from UK Parkinson brain samples) to uncover putative gene expression and splicing mechanisms associated with PD GWAS signals. Candidate genes were further characterized using cell-type specificity, weighted gene coexpression networks, and weighted protein-protein interaction networks. Main Outcomes and Measures It was hypothesized a priori that some genes underlying PD loci would alter PD risk through changes to expression, splicing, or methylation. Candidate genes are presented whose change in expression, splicing, or methylation are associated with risk of PD as well as the functional pathways and cell types in which these genes have an important role. Results Gene-level analysis of expression revealed 5 genes (WDR6 [OMIM 606031], CD38 [OMIM 107270], GPNMB [OMIM 604368], RAB29 [OMIM 603949], and TMEM163 [OMIM 618978]) that replicated using both Coloc and TWAS analyses in both the GTEx and Braineac expression data sets. A further 6 genes (ZRANB3 [OMIM 615655], PCGF3 [OMIM 617543], NEK1 [OMIM 604588], NUPL2 [NCBI 11097], GALC [OMIM 606890], and CTSB [OMIM 116810]) showed evidence of disease-associated splicing effects. Cell-type specificity analysis revealed that gene expression was overall more prevalent in glial cell types compared with neurons. The weighted gene coexpression performed on the GTEx data set showed that NUPL2 is a key gene in 3 modules implicated in catabolic processes associated with protein ubiquitination and in the ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process in the nucleus accumbens, caudate, and putamen. TMEM163 and ZRANB3 were both important in modules in the frontal cortex and caudate, respectively, indicating regulation of signaling and cell communication. Protein interactor analysis and simulations using random networks demonstrated that the candidate genes interact significantly more with known mendelian PD and parkinsonism proteins than would be expected by chance. Conclusions and Relevance Together, these results suggest that several candidate genes and pathways are associated with the findings observed in PD GWAS studies

Dermocarpella (Cyanoprokaryota Cyanophyceae Cyanobacteria) from the Pacific coast of Mexico

An account of the intricate history of the taxonomy and nomenclature of the genus Dermocarpella (Cyanobaeteria / Cyanophyceae / Cyanoprokaryota) is provided. Detailed observations at the population level have allowed the detection of different stages of the life cycle of two species of this genus and have helped to solve some of the uncertainties in the validation of this genus. The species described are D. gardneri as a new name for Dermocarpa hemisphaerica Setchell et Gardner and Dermocarpella stellata sp. nov. An identification key and a comparative table of the diagnostic features of the species of the genus are included. (C) 2000 Adac/Editions scientifiques et medicales Elsevier SAS

Recital de chant Flamenco

Comprend : DONDE ESTAN TUS CANTAORES (soleares) / Lopez TEJERA ; Roque MONTOYA JARRITO - AR GORPE DER YUNQUE (zambra) / VILLANUEVA, CARO, ROBLES ; Juanito OSUNA - DOBLES FANDANGAZOS (nuevas creaciones) / Molina MOLES, ALFONSO, TORRES ; Pépé PINTO - SOLEARES / OCHAITA, VALERIO ; El Principe Gitano - FANDANGOS / folklore ; Angel ROMERO - ZAMBRA TANGUILLO / GUERRERO ; Antonio MOLINA - GRANADINAS DE LA VEGA / José FUENTES LEON ; Pépe CORDOBA - POR DIOS QUE ME VUELVO LOCO (fandangos) / R. FARINA ; Rafaël FARINA - PENA TENGO PENA (tientos) / QUINTERO, LEON, QUIROGA ; Enrique MONTOYA - MALAGUENA Y FANDANGOS DE GRANADA / H. MONTES ; Cojo de HUELVABnF-Partenariats, Collection sonore - BelieveContient une table des matière