Artifact removal techniques for lung CT images in lung cancer detection

Lung Cancer in today’s world is one of the major widespread dangerous diseases which is the subject of maximum deaths every year. Accurate detection of lung cancer could boost the endurance rate. Medical image processing has a significant impact on the recognition of lung tumors using Computer Tomography (CT) scan images. Images from a CT scan are widely used because they provide comprehensive imaging of tumor progression inside the lungs. Although different types of noise might be experienced while doing CT scans, producing it a monotonous task for recognizing tumors in the lung. Elimination of noise in CT images is a challenging task for medical diagnoses. The presence of noise in an image is inevitable. Hence reducing noise from the CT scan image is critical for further analysis. Hence various filtering techniques have been used that denoise and enhance the image and help in further evaluation of CT images for accurate lung cancer detection. This paper analyses the noises of different kinds in the CT images and different noise removal techniques which help in improving the accuracy of segmentation and feature extraction as they remove unwanted noise and contribute to the accurate detection of lung cancer. The various filtering methods are analyzed with salt along with pepper noise and speckle noise. The performances of different filters are computed in terms of metrics for evaluation like PSNR, SSIM, MSE, and SNR. The experimental results show that the median filter is more efficient in comparison to other filtering methods in eliminating noises that exist in lung CT images by owning fewer MSE values of 214.8522, high SNR value of 19.36304, SSIM value 0.595997, and high PSNR value of 24.80941

Cross-Project Fault Prediction using Artificial Intelligence

Software defect prediction project focuses on finding errors or flaws in software and aiming to improve accuracy which gives evolution batch with detectable results while adding to modern outcomes and advancement liability foretelling defective code regions can assist initiators with recognizing bugs and arrange their test activities. The percentage of groups providing the legitimate foretelling is fundamental for early identification

Facial Skin Disease Detection using Image Processing

Busy lifestyle, modernization, increasing pollution and unhealthy diet have led to problems which people are neglecting. Not drinking enough water, stress and hormonal changes are causing problems to skin. Causes may be situational or genetic. Few skin conditions are minor while others can be life-threatening. The skin is the largest organ of the body and is composed of water, proteins, fats and minerals. Problems appear on outer layer of the skin that is epidermis. Skin diseases are considered to be the fourth most common cause of human illness. Skin diseases are observed to increase with age and were seen frequently in both men and women. Skin disorders can be temporary or permanent. Skin diseases have an impact on individual, family and social life caused by inadequate self-treatment which may also induce psychological problems. In recent years, use of computer technologies is becoming practically universal for both personal and professional issues. Facial skin problem identification and recognition has evolved to a great extent over the years. Detection of skin diseases is done using Convolution Neural Network (CNN) and image processing methods. CNN yields better performance in terms of accuracy, precision and results than the existing conventional methods. Image processing uses digital computer to process the images through an algorithm. We focus on features like skin tone, skin texture and color. We present a brief review about various facial skin problems providing more insight about the effective models and algorithms used

IMNTV-Identifying Malicious Nodes using Trust Value in Wireless Sensor Networks

Security is the major area of concern in communication channel. Security is very crucial in wireless sensor networks which are deployed in remote environments. Adversary can disrupt the communication within multi hop sensor networks by launching the attack. The common attacks which disrupt the communication of nodes are packet dropping, packet modification, packet fake routing, badmouthing attack and Sybil attack. In this paper we considered these attacks and presented a solution to identify the attacks. Many approaches have been proposed to diminish these attacks, but very few methods can detect these attacks effectively. In this simple scheme, every node selects a parent node to forward the packet towards base station or sink. Each node append its unique identity and trust to the parent as a path marker. It encrypts the bytes using a secret key generated and shared among the sink. The encrypted packet is then forwarded to the parent node. Base station can identify the malicious nodes by using these unique identity and trust value

p21-activated kinase signaling in breast cancer

The p21-activated kinases signal through a number of cellular pathways fundamental to growth, differentiation and apoptosis. A wealth of information has accumulated at an impressive pace in the recent past, both with regard to previously identified targets for p21-activated kinases that regulate the actin cytoskeleton and cellular stress pathways and with regard to newly identified targets and their role in cancer. Emerging data also provide new clues towards a previously unappreciated link between these various cellular processes. The present review attempts to provide a quick tutorial to the reader about the evolving significance of p21-activated kinases and small GTPases in breast cancer, using information from mouse models, tissue culture studies, and human materials

Multisite Phosphorylation of the Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor Cdc24 during Yeast Cell Polarization

BACKGROUND:Cell polarization is essential for processes such as cell migration and asymmetric cell division. A common regulator of cell polarization in most eukaryotic cells is the conserved Rho GTPase, Cdc42. In budding yeast, Cdc42 is activated by a single guanine nucleotide exchange factor, Cdc24. The mechanistic details of Cdc24 activation at the onset of yeast cell polarization are unclear. Previous studies have suggested an important role for phosphorylation of Cdc24, which may regulate activity or function of the protein, representing a key step in the symmetry breaking process. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS:Here, we directly ask whether multisite phosphorylation of Cdc24 plays a role in its regulation. We identify through mass spectrometry analysis over thirty putative in vivo phosphorylation sites. We first focus on sites matching consensus sequences for cyclin-dependent and p21-activated kinases, two kinase families that have been previously shown to phosphorylate Cdc24. Through site-directed mutagenesis, yeast genetics, and light and fluorescence microscopy, we show that nonphosphorylatable mutations of these consensus sites do not lead to any detectable consequences on growth rate, morphology, kinetics of polarization, or localization of the mutant protein. We do, however, observe a change in the mobility shift of mutant Cdc24 proteins on SDS-PAGE, suggesting that we have indeed perturbed its phosphorylation. Finally, we show that mutation of all identified phosphorylation sites does not cause observable defects in growth rate or morphology. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE:We conclude that lack of phosphorylation on Cdc24 has no overt functional consequences in budding yeast. Yeast cell polarization may be more tightly regulated by inactivation of Cdc42 by GTPase activating proteins or by alternative methods of Cdc24 regulation, such as conformational changes or oligomerization

The global distribution of fatal pesticide self-poisoning: Systematic review

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Evidence is accumulating that pesticide self-poisoning is one of the most commonly used methods of suicide worldwide, but the magnitude of the problem and the global distribution of these deaths is unknown.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>We have systematically reviewed the worldwide literature to estimate the number of pesticide suicides in each of the World Health Organisation's six regions and the global burden of fatal self-poisoning with pesticides. We used the following data sources: Medline, EMBASE and psycINFO (1990–2007), papers cited in publications retrieved, the worldwide web (using Google) and our personal collections of papers and books. Our aim was to identify papers enabling us to estimate the proportion of a country's suicides due to pesticide self-poisoning.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We conservatively estimate that there are 258,234 (plausible range 233,997 to 325,907) deaths from pesticide self-poisoning worldwide each year, accounting for 30% (range 27% to 37%) of suicides globally. Official data from India probably underestimate the incidence of suicides; applying evidence-based corrections to India's official data, our estimate for world suicides using pesticides increases to 371,594 (range 347,357 to 439,267). The proportion of all suicides using pesticides varies from 4% in the European Region to over 50% in the Western Pacific Region but this proportion is not concordant with the volume of pesticides sold in each region; it is the pattern of pesticide use and the toxicity of the products, not the quantity used, that influences the likelihood they will be used in acts of fatal self-harm.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Pesticide self-poisoning accounts for about one-third of the world's suicides. Epidemiological and toxicological data suggest that many of these deaths might be prevented if (a) the use of pesticides most toxic to humans was restricted, (b) pesticides could be safely stored in rural communities, and (c) the accessibility and quality of care for poisoning could be improved.</p

Low Concentration of Sodium Butyrate from Ultrabraid+NaBu suture, Promotes Angiogenesis and Tissue Remodelling in Tendon-bones Injury

Sodium butyrate (NaBu), a form of short-chain fatty acid (SCFA), acts classically as a potent anti-angiogenic agent in tumour angiogenesis models, some authors demonstrated that low concentrations of NaBu may contribute to healing of tendon-bone injury in part at least through promotion of tissue remodelling. Here, we investigated the effects of low-range concentrations of NaBu using in vitro and in vivo assays using angiogenesis as the primary outcome measure and the mechanisms through which it acts. We demonstrated that NaBu, alone or perfused from the UltraBraid+NaBu suture was pro-angiogenic at very low-range doses promoting migration, tube formation and cell invasion in bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAECs). Furthermore, cell exposure to low NaBu concentrations increased expression of proteins involved in angiogenic cell signalling, including p-PKCβ1, p-FAK, p-ERK1/2, p-NFκβ, p-PLCγ1 and p-VEGFR2. In addition, inhibitors of both VEGFR2 and PKCβ1 blocked the angiogenic response. In in vivo assays, low concentrations of NaBu induced neovascularization in sponge implants in mice, evidenced by increased numbers of vessels and haemoglobin content in these implants. The findings in this study indicate that low concentrations of NaBu could be an important compound to stimulate angiogenesis at a site where vasculature is deficient and healing is compromised