Sensitivity of Helioseismic Measurements of Normal-mode Coupling to Flows and Sound-speed Perturbations

In this article, we derive and compute the sensitivity of measurements of coupling between normal modes of oscillation in the Sun to underlying flows. The theory is based on first-Born perturbation theory, and the analysis is carried out using the formalism described by \citet{lavely92}. Albeit tedious, we detail the derivation and compute the sensitivity of specific pairs of coupled normal modes to anomalies in the interior. Indeed, these kernels are critical for the accurate inference of convective flow amplitudes and large-scale circulations in the solar interior. We resolve some inconsistencies in the derivation of \citet{lavely92} and reformulate the fluid-continuity condition. We also derive and compute sound-speed kernels, paving the way for inverting for thermal anomalies alongside flows.Comment: 24 pages, 8 Figures; MNRA

Fabrication of Resorcinol-Formaldehyde Xerogel based High Aspect Ratio 3-D Hierarchical C-MEMS Structures

We demonstrate a novel method to fabricate arrays of resorcinol- formaldehyde xerogel (RFX) based high aspect ratio (HAR) three- dimensional (3-D) hierarchical C-MEMS structures. Starting from a master pattern of HAR 3-D posts fabricated in SU-8 negative photoresist by photolithography, a negative PDMS stamp with arrays of holes was prepared by micromolding. The PDMS stamp was then used to fabricate HAR 3-D RFX posts by replica molding. The 3-D RFX posts thus fabricated were electrosprayed with SU-8 or an RF sol in the form of submicron or nano sized droplets and followed by pyrolysis to yield HAR 3-D hierarchical carbon posts. To characterize their use in C-MEMS based batteries, galvanostatic (charge and discharge) experiments on RFX derived carbon showed that it can be reversibly intercalated with Li ions and possesses superior intercalation properties as compared to SU- 8 derived carbon which is a widely used material in C-MEMS

Immune response of healthy horses to DNA constructs formulated with a cationic lipid transfection reagent

Background Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) vaccines are used for experimental immunotherapy of equine melanoma. The injection of complexed linear DNA encoding interleukin (IL)-12/IL-18 induced partial tumour remission in a clinical study including 27 grey horses. To date, the detailed mechanism of the anti-tumour effect of this treatment is unknown. Results In the present study, the clinical and cellular responses of 24 healthy horses were monitored over 72 h after simultaneous intradermal and intramuscular application of equine IL-12/IL-18 DNA (complexed with a transfection reagent) or comparative substances (transfection reagent only, nonsense DNA, nonsense DNA depleted of CG). Although the strongest effect was observed in horses treated with expressing DNA, horses in all groups treated with DNA showed systemic responses. In these horses treated with DNA, rectal temperatures were elevated after treatment and serum amyloid A increased. Total leukocyte and neutrophil counts increased, while lymphocyte numbers decreased. The secretion of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and interferon gamma (IFNγ) from peripheral mononuclear blood cells ex vivo increased after treatments with DNA, while IL-10 secretion decreased. Horses treated with DNA had significantly higher myeloid cell numbers and chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand (CXCL)-10 expression in skin samples at the intradermal injection sites compared to horses treated with transfection reagent only, suggesting an inflammatory response to DNA treatment. In horses treated with expressing DNA, however, local CXCL-10 expression was highest and immunohistochemistry revealed more intradermal IL-12-positive cells when compared to the other treatment groups. In contrast to non-grey horses, grey horses showed fewer effects of DNA treatments on blood lymphocyte counts, TNFα secretion and myeloid cell infiltration in the dermis. Conclusion Treatment with complexed linear DNA constructs induced an inflammatory response independent of the coding sequence and of CG motif content. Expressing IL-12/IL-18 DNA locally induces expression of the downstream mediator CXCL-10. The grey horses included appeared to display an attenuated immune response to DNA treatment, although grey horses bearing melanoma responded to this treatment with moderate tumour remission in a preceding study. Whether the different immunological reactivity compared to other horses may contributes to the melanoma susceptibility of grey horses remains to be elucidated

Fabrication of Resorcinol-Formaldehyde Xerogel Based High Aspect Ratio 3-D Hierarchical C-MEMS Structures

We demonstrate a novel method to fabricate arrays of resorcinol-formaldehyde xerogel (RFX) based high aspect ratio (HAR) three-dimensional (3-D) hierarchical C-MEMS structures. Starting from a master pattern of HAR 3-D posts fabricated in SU-8 negative photoresist by photolithography, a negative PDMS stamp with arrays of holes was prepared by micromolding. The PDMS stamp was then used to fabricate HAR 3-D RFX posts by replica molding. The 3-D RFX posts thus fabricated were electrosprayed with SU-8 or an RF sol in the form of submicron or nano sized droplets and followed by pyrolysis to yield HAR 3-D hierarchical carbon posts. To characterize their use in C-MEMS based batteries, galvanostatic (charge and discharge) experiments on RFX derived carbon showed that it can be reversibly intercalated with Li ions and possesses superior intercalation properties as compared to SU-8 derived carbon which is a widely used material in C-MEMS

Synthesis of hierarchical fabrics by electrospinning of PAN nanofibers on activated carbon microfibers for environmental remediation applications

A novel hierarchal fabric was synthesized, consisting of poly-acrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibers electrospun on a mat of activated carbon microfibers (ACF), used as a substrate. Electrospun PAN nanofibers were stabilized by preoxidizing in air at 250°C. The multiscale web (ACF-PANS) of stabilized nanofibers on ACF thus prepared was further pyrolyzed and activated by steam at 900°C to prepare a hierarchical activated carbon fabric (ACF-PANC). These multiscale fabrics (ACF-PANS and ACF-PANC) were tested for its adsorption properties toward common atmospheric air pollutants, such as SO2, NO, and toluene, a volatile organic compound (VOC) and the performance was compared to ACF and another hierarchical carbon fabric fabricated by growing carbon nanofibers on metal-impregnated ACF (ACF-CNF) by chemical vapor deposition. Interestingly, the performance of the electrospun PAN nanofibers based multiscale carbon-polymer fabric after stabilization (ACF-PANS) was found to be superior to that of ACF, ACF-PANC and ACF-CNF fabrics. A variety of surface characterization techniques demonstrated that the PAN nanofiber-based stabilized hierarchical fabrics contained relatively large amounts of nitrogen-based surface functional groups that favored the adsorption and catalytic oxidation of SO2 and NO. On the other hand, the pore volume and specific surface area of the materials were found to affect the adsorption of toluene. This study reveals the considerable potential of the stabilized electrospun PAN nanofiber-based hierarchical fabric (ACF-PANS) materials as adsorbents for air pollution control

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