The Aluminium Industry - Environment, Technology and Production

Aluminium resources are abundant and will cover the world demand for several hundred years. Production of primary aluminium is increasing worldwide, and the same holds for secondary aluminium, at an even higher rate. Aluminium stocks in products have been growing, and a shift towards more reliance on and better utilization of these is taking place as more of these resources are returned from products ending their lifetime. Bauxite, alumina and aluminium production and consumption are described, and future primary aluminium demand projected for the next decades, showing strong growth in most parts of the world. Environmental implications from processes involved in aluminium production are discussed, in particular emissions of CO2 and PFC compunds, which are both reduced in terms of specific emissions

The Aluminium Industry - Environment, Technology and Production

Aluminium resources are abundant and will cover the world demand for several hundred years. Production of primary aluminium is increasing worldwide, and the same holds for secondary aluminium, at an even higher rate. Aluminium stocks in products have been growing, and a shift towards more reliance on and better utilization of these is taking place as more of these resources are returned from products ending their lifetime. Bauxite, alumina and aluminium production and consumption are described, and future primary aluminium demand projected for the next decades, showing strong growth in most parts of the world. Environmental implications from processes involved in aluminium production are discussed, in particular emissions of CO2 and PFC compunds, which are both reduced in terms of specific emissions

Constraints on equivalence principle violation from gamma ray bursts

Theories of gravity that obey the Weak Equivalence Principle have the same Parametrised Post-Newtonian parameter $\gamma$ for all particles at all energies. The large Shapiro time delays of extragalactic sources allow us to put tight constraints on differences in $\gamma$ between photons of different frequencies from spectral lag data, since a non-zero $\Delta \gamma$ would result in a frequency-dependent arrival time. The majority of previous constraints have assumed that the Shapiro time delay is dominated by a few local massive objects, although this is a poor approximation for distant sources. In this work we consider the cosmological context of these sources by developing a source-by-source, Monte Carlo-based forward model for the Shapiro time delays by combining constrained realisations of the local density field using the Bayesian origin reconstruction from galaxies algorithm with unconstrained large-scale modes. Propagating uncertainties in the density field reconstruction and marginalising over an empirical model describing other contributions to the time delay, we use spectral lag data of Gamma Ray Bursts from the BATSE satellite to constrain \Delta \gamma < 2.1 \times 10^{-15} at $1 \sigma$ confidence between photon energies of $25 {\rm \, keV}$ and $325 {\rm \, keV}$

Dynamics of urban and rural housing stocks in China

Industrial Ecolog

Where is the terraced house?: on the use of ontologies for recognition of urban concepts in cartographic databases

In GIS datasets, it is rare that building objects are richly attributed. Yet having semantic information (such as tenement, terraced, semi-detached) has real practical application (in visualisation and in analysis). It is often the case that we can infer semantic information simply by visual inspec-tion – based on metric and topological properties for example. This paper explores the application of pattern recognition techniques as a way of auto-matically extracting information from vector databases and attaching this information to the attributes of a building. Our methodology builds upon the idea of an ontology-driven pattern recognition approach. These ideas are explored through the automatic detection of terraced houses (based on Ordnance Survey MasterMap ® vector data). The results appear to demon-strate the feasibility of the approach. In conclusion we discuss the benefits and difficulties encountered, suggest ways to deal with these challenges, and propose short and long term directions for future research