Analysis of trunk and lower extremity electromyographic activity in horizontal whole-body vibration

Whole-Body Vibration (WBV) has been extensively investigated as a widely used training tool. However, previous studies mostly applied the WBV on synchronous or side alternating vibration platform devices. The present study was aimed to investigate the electromyographic activity of trunk and lower-extremity muscles as one stands on a flat floor, and during horizontal whole-body vibration (WBV). This was a comparative cross-sectional study. Sixteen healthy adults participated in the study. The electromyographic activity of the trunk and lower extremity muscles was collected while the participants stood on either a flat floor or a WBV device moving horizontally. Electromyography (EMG) was used to record the activity of trunk and lower extremity muscles (erector spinae, rectus abdominalis, rectus femoris, biceps femoris, tibialis anterior, and gastrocnemius). The rectus femoris, tibialis anterior, and gastrocnemius muscles showed significantly higher muscle activation on the horizontal WBV device than on the flat floor (p<0.05). In particular, the electromyographic activity of Lt. rectus femoris (23.0 vs 14.3), Rt. rectus femoris (32.7 vs 15.1), Lt. tibiailis anterior (19.0 vs 9.8) Rt. tibiailis anterior (17.8 vs 7.9), and of the Lt. gastrocnemius (41.5 vs 15.7), Rt. gastrocnemius (32.7 vs 13.0) increased on the horizontal WBV device than on the flat floor. The muscle activity of the rectus femoris, tibialis anterior, and gastrocnemius muscles proved to be higher when the participants stood on the WBV device vibrating in a horizontal direction than on the flat floor. Further studies need to investigate the clinical applicability of horizontal WBV

Risk of Incident Dementia According to Metabolic Health and Obesity Status in Late Life: A Population-Based Cohort Study.

CONTEXT: The risk for dementia among subjects who are obese with normal metabolic profiles, or called metabolically healthy obese (MHO), remains uninvestigated. OBJECTIVE: To determine the association between late-life metabolic health and obesity status and risk of incident dementia. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: The National Health Insurance System, Republic of Korea. PATIENTS: A total of 12,296,863 adults >50 years old who underwent health examinations from 2009 to 2012 without baseline history of dementia. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Incident overall dementia, Alzheimer's disease (AD), and vascular dementia (VaD). RESULTS: Among subjects ≥60 years old, 363,932 (6.4%) developed dementia during a median follow-up of 65 months (interquartile range 51 to 74 months). The MHO group showed the lowest incidence of overall dementia [hazard ratio (HR) 0.85; 95% CI, 0.84 to 0.86] and AD (HR 0.87; 95% CI, 0.86 to 0.88), but not VaD, compared with the metabolically healthy nonobese group. All components of metabolic syndrome except obesity significantly elevated the risk of dementia, and these associations were more pronounced in VaD. In particular, being underweight dramatically increased the risk of dementia. CONCLUSIONS: The MHO phenotype in late life demonstrated lower risk of overall dementia and AD but not VaD. Additional studies in other populations are warranted to elucidate current results and may predict individuals most at risk for developing dementia

Maternal Mental Health Mediates the Effects of Pandemic-Related Stressors on Adolescent Psychopathology During COVID-19

Background: This study examined whether COVID-19-related maternal mental health changes contributed to changes in adolescent psychopathology. Methods: A community sample of 226 adolescents (12 years old before COVID-19) and their mothers were asked to complete COVID-19 surveys early in the pandemic (April–May 2020, adolescents 14 years) and approximately 6 months later (November 2020–January 2021). Surveys assessed pandemic-related stressors (health, financial, social, school, environment) and mental health. Results: Lower pre-pandemic family income-to-needs ratio was associated with higher pre-pandemic maternal mental health symptoms (anxiety, depression) and adolescent internalizing and externalizing problems, and with experiencing more pandemic-related stressors. Pandemic-related stressors predicted increases in maternal mental health symptoms, but not adolescent symptoms when other variables were covaried. Higher maternal mental health symptoms predicted concurrent increases in adolescent internalizing and externalizing. Maternal mental health mediated the effects of pre-pandemic income and pandemic-related stressors on adolescent internalizing and externalizing problems. Conclusions: Results indicate that adolescent mental health is closely tied to maternal mental health during community-level stressors such as COVID-19, and that pre-existing family economic context and adolescent symptoms increase risk for elevations in symptoms of psychopathology

Insulin Fact Sheet in Type 1 and 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Trends of Antidiabetic Medication Use in Insulin Users with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: 2002 to 2019

Background This study investigated the trends of insulin use among Korean patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Changes in prescription of antidiabetic medications in T2DM patients taking insulin therapy were evaluated. Methods We analyzed data from the National Health Insurance Service database in Korea to evaluate the prevalence of insulin users and trends of insulin use in T1DM and T2DM patients from January 2002 to December 2019. We also investigated numbers and types of antidiabetic medications in insulin users with T2DM. Results The overall total number of insulin users increased from 2002 to 2019, reaching 348,254 for T2DM and 20,287 for T1DM in 2019 compared with 109,974 for T2DM and 34,972 for T1DM in 2002. The proportion of patients using basal analogs and short acting analogs have increased and those using human insulin, premixed insulin, or biphasic human insulin have decreased (rapid acting analogs: 71.85% and 24.12% in T1DM and T2DM, respectively, in 2019; basal analogs: 76.75% and 75.09% in T1DM and T2DM, respectively, in 2019). The use of other antidiabetic medication in addition to insulin increased for T2DM, especially in dual therapy, reaching up to 52.35% in 2019 compared with 16.72% in 2002. Conclusion The proportion of the patients using basal or rapid acting analogs increased among all insulin users in both T1DM and T2DM patients. Among patients with T2DM, the proportion of patients using antidiabetic medications in addition to insulin was significantly increased compared to those who used insulin alone

Depression, antidepressant use, and the risk of type 2 diabetes: a nationally representative cohort study

BackgroundPrevious studies have reported that depression can increase the risk of type 2 diabetes. However, they did not sufficiently consider antidepressants or comorbidity.MethodsThe National Health Insurance Sharing Service database was used. Among the sample population, 276,048 subjects who had been diagnosed with depression and prescribed antidepressants (DEP with antidepressants group) and 79,119 subjects who had been diagnosed with depression but not prescribed antidepressants (DEP without antidepressants group) were found to be eligible for this study. Healthy controls (HCs) were 1:1 matched with the DEP with antidepressants group for age and sex. We followed up with them for the occurrence of type 2 diabetes.ResultsIn the group of DEP with antidepressants, although the risk of type 2 diabetes increased compared to HCs in a crude analysis, it decreased when comorbidity was adjusted for. In the group of DEP without antidepressants, the risk of type 2 diabetes decreased both in the crude model and the adjusted models. The risk varied by age group and classes or ingredients of antidepressants, with young adult patients showing an increased risk even in the fully adjusted model.ConclusionOverall, those with depression had a reduced risk of type 2 diabetes. However, the risk varied according to the age at onset, comorbidity, and type of antidepressants

Combining SGLT2 Inhibition With a Thiazolidinedione Additively Attenuate the Very Early Phase of Diabetic Nephropathy Progression in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Although both sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibition by dapagliflozin and thiazolidinedione, pioglitazone have glucose-lowering and anti-inflammatory effects, the therapeutic efficacy of their combination on diabetic nephropathy has not been investigated. 9-week-old male db/db mice were randomly assigned to 4 groups and administrated with (1) vehicle, (2) dapagliflozin, (3) pioglitazone, or (4) dapagliflozin and pioglitazone combination. Human proximal tubule (HK-2) cells were treated with glucose or palmitate acid in the presence of medium, dapagliflozin, pioglitazone, or both. Glomerular tuft area and mesangial expansion of the kidney more reduced in the combination group compared to control and single therapy groups. Podocyte foot process width and glomerular basement membrane thickness decreased regardless of treatment, while the combination group showed the slowest renal hypertrophy progression (P &lt; 0.05). The combination treatment decreased MCP-1, type I and IV collagen expression in the renal cortex. Only the combination treatment decreased the expression of angiotensinogen, IL-6, and TGF-β while it enhanced HK-2 cell survival (all P &lt; 0.05). In conclusion, dapagliflozin and pioglitazone preserved renal function, and combination therapy showed the greatest benefit. These findings suggest that the combination therapy of dapagliflozin with pioglitazone is more effective than the single therapy for preventing the progression of nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes

Physical Properties of Slide-Ring Material Reinforced Ethylene Propylene Diene Rubber Composites

High-damping rubber composites were prepared by mixing ethylene propylene diene monomer rubber (EPDM) with slide-ring (SR) materials using a two-roll mill, followed by a compression molding technique. SR material has a novel supramolecular structure with unique softness and slidable crosslink junctions. The mechanical strength, thermal stability, compression set property, and damping performance of the composites were investigated. The use of the high damping SR phase dispersed in the EPDM matrix displayed improved physical properties and damping performance compared to those of virgin rubber. As SR content increases in the composites, the damping factor of SR/EPDM blends becomes higher at room temperature. In addition to this, the SR composites showed excellent improvements in the compression set properties. The composites showed a compression set improvement of 35–38% compared to virgin EPDM. These improvements are due to the “pulley effect” of slide-ring materials. Therefore, these materials present a robust platform for making novel elastomer composites for high-performance damping and sealing applications

Significant liver fibrosis assessed using liver transient elastography is independently associated with low bone mineral density in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

Metabolic bone disorders frequently occur in patients with chronic liver disease; however, the association between liver fibrosis and bone mineral density in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is unclear.This is a cross-sectional analysis of 231 asymptomatic subjects (160 women, 61.6 years old) from a university hospital setting, between February 2012 and December 2014. Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured at the lumbar spine, femur neck, and total hip using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Liver fibrosis and steatosis were assessed using transient elastography.Among a total of 231 individuals, 129 subjects (55.8%) had NAFLD. BMDs at lumbar spine, femur neck, and total hip were significantly lower in patients having NAFLD with significant fibrosis, compared with patients having NAFLD without significant fibrosis (Ps<0.005). In patients with NAFLD, significant liver fibrosis revealed marked negative correlations with BMD at the lumber spine (r = -0.19, P = 0.032), femur neck (r = -0.19, P = 0.034), and total hip (r = -0.21, P = 0.016). A multivariate linear regression analysis revealed that significant liver fibrosis was independently correlated with low BMD at the femur neck (β = -0.18, P = 0.039) and total hip (β = -0.21, P = 0.005) after adjustment for age, sex, BMI, fasting plasma glucose, alanine aminotransferase, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and liver steatosis among patients with NAFLD. Using multivariable logistic regression, significant liver fibrosis was independently associated with overall osteopenia and osteoporosis in subjects having NAFLD (OR = 4.10, 95% CI = 1.02-16.45).The presence of significant liver fibrosis assessed via TE was independently associated with low BMD in NAFLD subjects

The Role of <i>N</i>-Glycosylation in the Intracellular Trafficking and Functionality of Neuronal Growth Regulator 1

Neuronal growth regulator 1 (NEGR1) is a brain-enriched membrane protein that is involved in neural cell communication and synapse formation. Accumulating evidence indicates that NEGR1 is a generic risk factor for various psychiatric diseases including autism and depression. Endoglycosidase digestion of single NEGR1 mutants revealed that the wild type NEGR1 has six putative N-glycosylation sites partly organized in a Golgi-dependent manner. To understand the role of each putative N-glycan residue, we generated a series of multi-site mutants (2MT–6MT) with additive mutations. Cell surface staining and biotinylation revealed that NEGR1 mutants 1MT to 4MT were localized on the cell surface at different levels, whereas 5MT and 6MT were retained in the endoplasmic reticulum to form highly stable multimer complexes. This indicated 5MT and 6MT are less likely to fold correctly. Furthermore, the removal of two N-terminal sites N75 and N155 was sufficient to completely abrogate membrane targeting. An in vivo binding assay using the soluble NEGR1 protein demonstrated that glycans N286, N294 and N307 on the C-terminal immunoglobulin-like domain play important roles in homophilic interactions. Taken together, these results suggest that the N-glycan moieties of NEGR1 are closely involved in the folding, trafficking, and homodimer formation of NEGR1 protein in a site-specific manner