Digital History, Digital Sources, Digital Display: The Her Hat Was in the Ring Project on U.S. Women Who Ran for Political Office Before 1920

In the second half of the nineteenth century and through the first two decades of the twentieth century thousands of women ran for political office on local, state, and national levels throughout the U.S. Due to the principle of federalism, each state decided on voting and electoral rights in their jurisdiction. Thus, prior to 1920 voting rights for women were unevenly applied from state to state. In most women could vote at all. In some states and localities they could vote only for a few offices, such as school board representatives, county officers, and state office holders. In a very few states and territories, where they had been given complete suffrage rights, women could cast ballots for candidates on all levels. Women took up the challenge to run for public office both when they could not vote (relying solely on male voters), and when they finally gained partial or complete suffrage. We estimate that approximately 4,000 women ran in almost 6,000 campaigns by 1920. Currently, our database contains information for 2,300 women, who ran in over 3,000 campaigns. Using traditional and digital resources the Her Hat Was in the Ring project identifies these women candidates providing biographical information for each woman, information about her campaign(s), party affiliation, photographs when available, lists of selected resources, and other aggregate data, via a freely-available, web-based content management system

Digital History, Digital Sources, Digital Display: The Her Hat Was in the Ring Project on U.S. Women Who Ran for Political Office Before 1920

In the second half of the nineteenth century and through the first two decades of the twentieth century thousands of women ran for political office on local, state, and national levels throughout the U.S. Due to the principle of federalism, each state decided on voting and electoral rights in their jurisdiction. Thus, prior to 1920 voting rights for women were unevenly applied from state to state. In most women could vote at all. In some states and localities they could vote only for a few offices, such as school board representatives, county officers, and state office holders. In a very few states and territories, where they had been given complete suffrage rights, women could cast ballots for candidates on all levels. Women took up the challenge to run for public office both when they could not vote (relying solely on male voters), and when they finally gained partial or complete suffrage. We estimate that approximately 4,000 women ran in almost 6,000 campaigns by 1920. Currently, our database contains information for 2,300 women, who ran in over 3,000 campaigns. Using traditional and digital resources the Her Hat Was in the Ring project identifies these women candidates providing biographical information for each woman, information about her campaign(s), party affiliation, photographs when available, lists of selected resources, and other aggregate data, via a freely-available, web-based content management system

The Safe Zone--It\u27s not segregation

Let\u27s talk about the Safe Zone. Let\u27s talk about the creation of a ten room, single occupancy wing which is open to heterosexuals, allies, gays, lesbians, bisexual, transgendered, as well as thos who haven\u27t quite self-identified as… Let\u27s be realistic, the Safe Zone, as proposed, will not come close to housing every gay and lesbian on the University of Maine campus, nor is that its attempt

Morphoelectric and transcriptomic divergence of the layer 1 interneuron repertoire in human versus mouse neocortex

Neocortical layer 1 (L1) is a site of convergence between pyramidal-neuron dendrites and feedback axons where local inhibitory signaling can profoundly shape cortical processing. Evolutionary expansion of human neocortex is marked by distinctive pyramidal neurons with extensive L1 branching, but whether L1 interneurons are similarly diverse is underexplored. Using Patch-seq recordings from human neurosurgical tissue, we identified four transcriptomic subclasses with mouse L1 homologs, along with distinct subtypes and types unmatched in mouse L1. Subclass and subtype comparisons showed stronger transcriptomic differences in human L1 and were correlated with strong morphoelectric variability along dimensions distinct from mouse L1 variability. Accompanied by greater layer thickness and other cytoarchitecture changes, these findings suggest that L1 has diverged in evolution, reflecting the demands of regulating the expanded human neocortical circuit.</p

Human neocortical expansion involves glutamatergic neuron diversification

The neocortex is disproportionately expanded in human compared with mouse1,2, both in its total volume relative to subcortical structures and in the proportion occupied by supragranular layers composed of neurons that selectively make connections within the neocortex and with other telencephalic structures. Single-cell transcriptomic analyses of human and mouse neocortex show an increased diversity of glutamatergic neuron types in supragranular layers in human neocortex and pronounced gradients as a function of cortical depth3. Here, to probe the functional and anatomical correlates of this transcriptomic diversity, we developed a robust platform combining patch clamp recording, biocytin staining and single-cell RNA-sequencing (Patch-seq) to examine neurosurgically resected human tissues. We demonstrate a strong correspondence between morphological, physiological and transcriptomic phenotypes of five human glutamatergic supragranular neuron types. These were enriched in but not restricted to layers, with one type varying continuously in all phenotypes across layers 2 and 3. The deep portion of layer 3 contained highly distinctive cell types, two of which express a neurofilament protein that labels long-range projection neurons in primates that are selectively depleted in Alzheimer’s disease4,5. Together, these results demonstrate the explanatory power of transcriptomic cell-type classification, provide a structural underpinning for increased complexity of cortical function in humans, and implicate discrete transcriptomic neuron types as selectively vulnerable in disease

Human neocortical expansion involves glutamatergic neuron diversification.

The neocortex is disproportionately expanded in human compared with mouse1,2, both in its total volume relative to subcortical structures and in the proportion occupied by supragranular layers composed of neurons that selectively make connections within the neocortex and with other telencephalic structures. Single-cell transcriptomic analyses of human and mouse neocortex show an increased diversity of glutamatergic neuron types in supragranular layers in human neocortex and pronounced gradients as a function of cortical depth3. Here, to probe the functional and anatomical correlates of this transcriptomic diversity, we developed a robust platform combining patch clamp recording, biocytin staining and single-cell RNA-sequencing (Patch-seq) to examine neurosurgically resected human tissues. We demonstrate a strong correspondence between morphological, physiological and transcriptomic phenotypes of five human glutamatergic supragranular neuron types. These were enriched in but not restricted to layers, with one type varying continuously in all phenotypes across layers 2 and 3. The deep portion of layer 3 contained highly distinctive cell types, two of which express a neurofilament protein that labels long-range projection neurons in primates that are selectively depleted in Alzheimer\u27s disease4,5. Together, these results demonstrate the explanatory power of transcriptomic cell-type classification, provide a structural underpinning for increased complexity of cortical function in humans, and implicate discrete transcriptomic neuron types as selectively vulnerable in disease

Author Correction: Human neocortical expansion involves glutamatergic neuron diversification

In the version of this Article initially published, the Acknowledgements statement contained an error. Originally appearing with thanks for support given in part as follows, “R01EY023173 from The National Eye Institute, U01MH105982 from the National Institute of Mental Health and Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, and R011EY023173 from The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease,” the last number (R011EY023173) was mistakenly added and is not in fact a grant or one provided by the NIAID. The mention has been removed. The changes have been made to the online version of the Article

Medical Risks for Women Who Drink Alcohol

OBJECTIVE: To summarize for clinicians recent epidemiologic evidence regarding medical risks of alcohol use for women. METHODS: MEDLINE and PsychINFO, 1990 through 1996, were searched using key words “women” or “woman,” and “alcohol.” MEDLINE was also searched for other specific topics and authors from 1980 through 1996. Data were extracted and reviewed regarding levels of alcohol consumption associated with mortality, cardiovascular disease, alcohol-related liver disease, injury, osteoporosis, neurologic symptoms, psychiatric comorbidity, fetal alcohol syndrome, spontaneous abortion, infertility, menstrual symptoms, breast cancer, and gynecologic malignancies. Gender-specific data from cohort studies of general population or large clinical samples are primarily reviewed. MAIN RESULTS: Women develop many alcohol-related medical problems at lower levels of consumption than men, probably reflecting women's lower total body water, gender differences in alcohol metabolism, and effects of alcohol on postmenopausal estrogen levels. Mortality and breast cancer are increased in women who report drinking more than two drinks daily. Higher levels of alcohol consumption by women are associated with increased menstrual symptoms, hypertension, and stroke. Women who drink heavily also appear to have increased infertility and spontaneous abortion. Adverse fetal effects occur after variable amounts of alcohol consumption, making any alcohol use during pregnancy potentially harmful. CONCLUSIONS: In general, advising nonpregnant women who drink alcohol to have fewer than two drinks daily is strongly supported by the epidemiologic literature, although specific recommendations for a particular woman should depend on her medical history and risk factors