The Tension between Derivative Works Online Protected by Fair Use and the Takedown Provisions of the Online Copyright Infringement Liability Limitation Act

The globalization and increasing ease of Internet access allow more people to share content than ever before. A substantial amount of this content relates to another’s copyrighted material, whether it is infringing content such as piracy or noninfringing content such as commentaries, criticisms, parodies, or other material falling under fair use. Due in part to piracy concerns, the Online Copyright Infringement Liability Limitation Act (OCILLA) created a process meant to expedite removal of infringing content hosted on the Internet. However, this takedown process has been used to remove noninfringing content that uses another’s copyright material, but falling under fair use. This usage of the takedown process is enabled by the requirement that the original copyright owner only needs a good faith belief that the target’s use is not authorized, and by the nature of fair use determination­­—the consideration of various factors—which makes determinations of individual works difficult. Due to this difficulty, copyright owners are able to easily meet the good faith standard, endangering fair use speech on the Internet. Therefore OCILLA needs to change in order to decrease the chilling effect on this type of speech. Proposals have been made to ameliorate this situation. However, most of them overreach and impede copyright owners from expeditious removal of clearly infringing material, contrary to the purpose of OCILLA. This comment suggests a different solution: creation of safe harbor provisions where certain narrow categories of content are irrebuttably presumed to be fair use. Though this solution does not alleviate the problem on fair use content in general, it allows for greater certainty to people who want to create content based on another’s work while qualifying as fair use, without obstructing copyright owners from protecting their works through removing infringing material

The Tension between Derivative Works Online Protected by Fair Use and the Takedown Provisions of the Online Copyright Infringement Liability Limitation Act

The globalization and increasing ease of Internet access allow more people to share content than ever before. A substantial amount of this content relates to another’s copyrighted material, whether it is infringing content such as piracy or noninfringing content such as commentaries, criticisms, parodies, or other material falling under fair use. Due in part to piracy concerns, the Online Copyright Infringement Liability Limitation Act (OCILLA) created a process meant to expedite removal of infringing content hosted on the Internet. However, this takedown process has been used to remove noninfringing content that uses another’s copyright material, but falling under fair use. This usage of the takedown process is enabled by the requirement that the original copyright owner only needs a good faith belief that the target’s use is not authorized, and by the nature of fair use determination­­—the consideration of various factors—which makes determinations of individual works difficult. Due to this difficulty, copyright owners are able to easily meet the good faith standard, endangering fair use speech on the Internet. Therefore OCILLA needs to change in order to decrease the chilling effect on this type of speech. Proposals have been made to ameliorate this situation. However, most of them overreach and impede copyright owners from expeditious removal of clearly infringing material, contrary to the purpose of OCILLA. This comment suggests a different solution: creation of safe harbor provisions where certain narrow categories of content are irrebuttably presumed to be fair use. Though this solution does not alleviate the problem on fair use content in general, it allows for greater certainty to people who want to create content based on another’s work while qualifying as fair use, without obstructing copyright owners from protecting their works through removing infringing material

Deriving Inverse Operators for Modal Logic

International audienceSpatial constraint systems are algebraic structures from concurrent constraint programming to specify spatial and epistemic behavior in multi-agent systems. We shall use spatial constraint systems to give an abstract characterization of the notion of normality in modal logic and to derive right inverse/reverse operators for modal languages. In particular, we shall identify the weakest condition for the existence of right inverses and show that the abstract notion of normality corresponds to the preservation of finite suprema. We shall apply our results to existing modal languages such as the weakest normal modal logic, Hennessy-Milner logic, and linear-time temporal logic. We shall discuss our results in the context of modal concepts such as bisimilarity and inconsistency invariance

Obtención del genoma nuclear de Eugenia uniflora L. (Myrtaceae) para la identificación de terpeno sintasas

Obtención de un genoma de referencia para E. uniflora que permita identificar los miembros de la familia de las terpeno sintasas (TPS) que son responsables de la síntesis de terpenos de esta especie. El ensamblaje de novo del genoma, a partir de lecturas secuenciadas utilizando la plataforma Illumina, permitió obtener un tamaño total de 385.1 Mbp con un valor de N50 igual a 26 199 bp. Asimismo, la predicción génica utilizando como referencia proteínas de Viridiplantae permitió obtener 30 663 genes codificadores de proteínas de pitanga. Un análisis de genómica comparativa con otras especies de plantas permitió identificar 2 219 genes específicos de E. uniflora, de los cuales el 40% fueron anotados funcionalmente con 1 772 términos ontológicos. Por otro lado, utilizando la información de la anotación de los genes predichos, se identificaron 20 genes de TPS que representan a las subfamilias TPS-b, TPS-c, TPS-f y TPS-g. Los datos generados en este trabajo permitirán comprender y conocer los mecanismos moleculares involucrados en la adaptabilidad a ambientes naturales y en la síntesis de compuestos con importancia farmacológica en pitanga.Brasil. Coordinación de la formación del personal de nivel superior (CAPES

Melhoria da Atenção à Saúde da Pessoa Idosa na ESF Número 1, no Bairro Brasília, Cerro Largo/RS

Resumo JEFFERS, Frank Naygle Guzman. Melhoria da atenção à saúde da pessoa idosa na ESF número 1, no bairro Brasília, Cerro Largo/RS.2015. 86f. Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso (Curso de Especialização em Saúde da Família) - Departamento de Medicina Social, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, 2015. Muitas pessoas idosas são acometidas por doenças e agravos crônicos não transmissíveis, estados permanentes ou de longa permanência, que requerem acompanhamento constante, pois, em razão da sua natureza, não têm cura. Essas condições crônicas tendem a se manifestar de forma expressiva na idade mais avançada e, frequentemente, estão associadas. Diante desta perspectiva, a equipe da Unidade de Saúde número 1, do Bairro Brasília, no município de Cerro Largo/RS, com 3.357 habitantes em sua área de cobertura, a partir da análise situacional verificou a necessidade de implementar uma intervenção em saúde para promover a melhoria da atenção à saúde das pessoascom 60 anos ou mais pertencentesà área de abrangência. Para esta intervenção, realizada entre fevereiro e junho de 2105, inicialmente os ACS realizaram o cadastro de todos os idosos da área, incluindo os acamados e/ou com problema de locomoção. Após o cadastro foram desenvolvidas várias ações, tanto na Unidade quanto na comunidade para divulgação da intervenção. Os idosos foram avaliados em diversos aspectos tanto na saúde física quanto mental. Além disso, foram ofertadas orientações aos usuários quanto a aspectos nutricionais, importância da prática regular de exercícios físicos, higiene bucal e prevenção de acidentes. Na conclusão da coleta de dados obtivemos um total de 79,3% (363) dos idosos avaliados durante a intervenção.Ao final percebemos que o presente trabalho contribuiu para um maior empoderamento dos idosos e seus familiares para a prevenção de riscos e agravos. Desta forma melhoramos a qualidade do serviço de saúde e a qualidade de atenção à saúde deste grupo. Palavras-chave:atenção primária à saúde; saúde da família; saúde do idoso; assistênciadomiciliar; saúde bucal

Gamma irradiation inactivates honey bee fungal, microsporidian, and viral pathogens and parasites

Managed honey bee (Apis mellifera) populations are currently facing unsustainable losses due to a variety of factors. Colonies are challenged with brood pathogens, such as the fungal agent of chalkbrood disease, the microsporidian gut parasite Nosema spp., and several viruses. These pathogens may be transmitted horizontally from worker to worker, vertically from queen to egg and via vectors like the parasitic mite, Varroa destructor. Despite the fact that these pathogens are widespread and often harbored in wax comb that is reused from year to year and transferred across beekeeping operations, few, if any, universal treatments exist for their control. In order to mitigate some of these biological threats to honey bees and to allow for more sustainable reuse of equipment, investigations into techniques for the sterilization of hive equipment and comb are of particular significance. Here, we investigated the potential of gamma irradiation for inactivation of the fungal pathogen Ascosphaera apis, the microsporidian Nosema ceranae and three honey bee viruses (Deformed wing virus [DWV], Black queen cell virus [BQCV], and Chronic bee paralysis virus [CBPV]), focusing on the infectivity of these pathogens post-irradiation. Results indicate that gamma irradiation can effectively inactivate A. apis, N. ceranae, and DWV. Partial inactivation was noted for BQCV and CBPV, but this did not reduce effects on mortality at the tested, relatively high doses. These findings highlight the importance of studying infection rate and symptom development post-treatment and not simply rate or quantity detected. These findings suggest that gamma irradiation may function as a broad treatment to help mitigate colony losses and the spread of pathogens through the exchange of comb across colonies, but raises the question why some viruses appear to be unaffected. These results provide the basis for subsequent studies on benefits of irradiation of used comb for colony health and productivity

Prevention of mammary carcinogenesis by short-term estrogen and progestin treatments

INTRODUCTION: Women who have undergone a full-term pregnancy before the age of 20 have one-half the risk of developing breast cancer compared with women who have never gone through a full-term pregnancy. This protective effect is observed universally among women of all ethnic groups. Parity in rats and mice also protects them against chemically induced mammary carcinogenesis. METHODS: Seven-week-old virgin Lewis rats were given N-methyl-N-nitrosourea. Two weeks later the rats were treated with natural or synthetic estrogens and progestins for 7–21 days by subcutaneous implantation of silastic capsules. RESULTS: In our current experiment, we demonstrate that short-term sustained exposure to natural or synthetic estrogens along with progestins is effective in preventing mammary carcinogenesis in rats. Treatment with 30 mg estriol plus 30 mg progesterone for 3 weeks significantly reduced the incidence of mammary cancer. Short-term exposure to ethynyl estradiol plus megesterol acetate or norethindrone was effective in decreasing the incidence of mammary cancers. Tamoxifen plus progesterone treatment for 3 weeks was able to confer only a transient protection from mammary carcinogenesis, while 2-methoxy estradiol plus progesterone was effective in conferring protection against mammary cancers. CONCLUSIONS: The data obtained in the present study demonstrate that, in nulliparous rats, long-term protection against mammary carcinogenesis can be achieved by short-term treatments with natural or synthetic estrogen and progesterone combinations

Perspectives in Myrtaceae evolution from plastomes and nuclear phylogenies

Myrtaceae is a large and species-rich family of woody eudicots, with prevalent distribution in the Southern Hemisphere. Classification and taxonomy of species belonging to this family is quite challenging, sometimes with difficulty in species identification and producing phylogenies with low support for species relationships. Most of the current knowledge comes from few molecular markers, such as plastid genes and intergenic regions, which can be difficult to handle and produce conflicting results. Based on plastid protein-coding sequences and nuclear markers, we present a topology for the phylogenetic relationships among Myrtaceae tribes. Our phylogenetic estimate offers a contrasting topology over previous analysis with fewer markers. Plastome phylogeny groups the tribes Syzygieae and Eucalypteae and individual chloroplast genes produce divergent topologies, especially among species within Myrteae tribe, but also in regard to the grouping of Syzygieae and Eucalypteae. Results are consistent and reproducible with both nuclear and organellar datasets. It confronts previous data about the deep nodes of Myrtaceae phylogeny

New upper bounds for the density of translative packings of three-dimensional convex bodies with tetrahedral symmetry

In this paper we determine new upper bounds for the maximal density of translative packings of superballs in three dimensions (unit balls for the $l_3^p$-norm) and of Platonic and Archimedean solids having tetrahedral symmetry. These bounds give strong indications that some of the lattice packings of superballs found in 2009 by Jiao, Stillinger, and Torquato are indeed optimal among all translative packings. We improve Zong's recent upper bound for the maximal density of translative packings of regular tetrahedra from $0.3840\ldots$ to $0.3745\ldots$, getting closer to the best known lower bound of $0.3673\ldots$. We apply the linear programming bound of Cohn and Elkies which originally was designed for the classical problem of packings of round spheres. The proofs of our new upper bounds are computational and rigorous. Our main technical contribution is the use of invariant theory of pseudo-reflection groups in polynomial optimization

Comparative genomics suggests differences related to resistance and virulence between food-isolated Listeria monocytogenes serotypes 1/2a and 4b

Among the four lineages described for Listeria monocytogenes (I, II, III, and IV), lineages I and II harbor the serotypes most closely related to listeriosis in humans. Serotypes 1/2b and 4b are associated with the majority of listeriosis outbreaks, and serotype 1/2a is frequently involved in food and processing plant contamination. As such, the present study utilizes phylogenetic analysis for the aim of determining genomic differences between two L. monocytogenes strains isolated in southern Brazil (serotypes 1/2a and 4b) and known reference strains (L. monocytogenes EGD-e and L. monocytogenes Scott A). The Illumina Miseq platform was used to perform genomic sequencing, and cluster analysis of orthologous groups facilitated the investigation of similarities and differences between the two serotypes studied. In line with previous research, the studied strains of serotypes 1/2a and 4b presented different proteins related to resistance and virulence that may represent adaptations to several conditions during its evolution