Assessing the impact of very large volcanic eruptions on the risk of extreme climate events

Very large volcanic eruptions have substantial impacts on the climate, causing global cooling and major changes to the hydrological cycle. While most studies have focused on changes to mean climate, here we use a large ensemble to assess the impact on extreme climate for three years following tropical and extratropical eruptions of different sulfur emission strength. We focus on the impact of an extremely large eruption, injecting 40 Tg sulfur into the stratosphere, which could be expected to occur approximately twice a millennium. Our findings show that the eruption would have a profound effect on large areas of the globe, resulting in extremely rare drought events that under normal circumstances would occur once every century becoming very likely. Several regions such as West Africa, South and East Asia and the Maritime continent are particularly affected with the expected climate shifting well outside the usual range, by up to five standard deviations. These results have important consequences as they indicate that a severe drought in multiple breadbasket regions should be expected following a large eruption. The risk of heavy rainfall tends to decrease over the same regions but by a reduced amount, heatwaves become extremely rare, however the chance of extreme Winter cold surges do not increase by a corresponding amount, since widespread parts of the Northern Hemisphere display a winter warming. Our results show that the location of the eruption is crucial for the change in extremes, with overall changes larger for a Northern Hemisphere eruption than a tropical and Southern Hemisphere eruption, although there is a regional dependency. Simulations of different eruptions with similar forcing distributions but with different sizes are consistent with a linear relationship, however for smaller eruptions the internal variability tends to become dominant and the effect on extreme climate less detectable

The morphing of decay powered to interaction powered Type II supernova ejecta at nebular times

Much excitement surrounds the intense mass loss that seems to take place in some massive stars immediately before core collapse. However, occurring too late, it has a negligible impact on the star's evolution or the final yields, which are influenced instead by the longer-term, quasi-steady mass loss taking place during H and He burning. Late-time observations of core-collapse supernovae interacting with the progenitor wind are one means to constrain this secular mass loss. Here, we present radiative transfer calculations for a Type II SN with and without this interaction power, focusing on the phase between 350 and 1000d after explosion. Without interaction power, the ejecta are powered through radioactive decay whose exponential decline produces an ever-fading SN. Instead, with a constant interaction power of $10^{40}$ erg s$^{-1}$ (representative of an SN II ramming into a steady-state $10^{-6} M_\odot$ yr$^{-1}$ wind), the spectrum morphs from decay powered at 350d, with narrow lines forming in the inner metal-rich ejecta, to interaction powered at 1000d, with broad boxy lines forming in the outer H-rich ejecta. Intermediate times are characterized by a hybrid and complex spectrum made of overlapping narrow and broad lines. While interaction boosts primarily the flux in the ultraviolet, which remains largely unobserved today, a knee in the $R$-band light curve or a $U$-band boost are clear signatures of interaction at late times. The model predictions compare favorably with a number of Type II supernovae including SN 2004et or SN 2017eaw at 500-1000d after explosion.Comment: submitted to A&

Alteraciones en el sentido del olfato y del gusto en pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica, trasplante y diálisis y su asociación con el estado nutricional

Introducción: La insuficiencia renal crónica tiene alteraciones como lo son la anosmia y la disgeusia, estas ocasionadas por el incremento de toxinas urémicas, que se acompaña de un aumento del catabolismo, lo que incrementa la morbimortalidad. Estos pueden influir en la alimentación del paciente y por tanto en su estado nutricio. Objetivo: Analizar las evidencias encontradas en la literatura sobre la prevalencia, fisiopatología y tratamiento de la pérdida de gusto y olfato en pacientes con ERC, en HD, en DP y trasplantados renales y su asociación con el estado nutricional, para ello se inició una búsqueda en Pubmed, Scielo, Google académico, Published, Kydney Pediatric, Elsevier, Nutrición Hospitalaria, Society Kidney, Renut, American Society of Nephrology, Kidney Internationality con las siguientes palabras clave: Loss of kidney smell, Sense of taste, CDK, Kidney lost taste, sense of smell, nutritional status (para el idioma inglés), insuficiencia renal, pérdida del gusto, pérdida de sentidos, pérdida de olfato, estado de nutrición (para el idioma español). Resultados: Se muestra la relación existente de la pérdida del olfato con el grado de insuficiencia renal y el grado de acumulación de toxinas urémicas. Respecto al gusto, se ha descrito disminución por déficit de zinc y eliminación de urea por medio de la saliva, por la percepción alterada en estos pacientes de hemodiálisis prevalentemente asociada de forma independiente con índices en déficits por el estado nutricional y teniendo una mayor mortalidad. Conclusiones: La pérdida del olfato, del gusto o ambas es una condición frecuente en los pacientes con insuficiencia renal crónica y contribuye al riesgo nutricional de estos pacientes. Key words: Renal, sentido del olfato, diálisis, sentido del gusto, estado nutrici

Evaluation of the influence of kyphosis and scoliosis on intervertebral disc extrusion in French bulldogs

Although thoracic vertebral malformations with kyphosis and scoliosis are often considered incidental findings on diagnostic imaging studies of screw-tailed brachycephalic breeds, they have been suggested to interfere with spinal biomechanics and intervertebral disc degeneration. It is however unknown if an abnormal spinal curvature also predisposes dogs to develop clinically relevant intervertebral disc herniations. The aim of this study was to evaluate if the occurrence of thoracic vertebral malformations, kyphosis or scoliosis would be associated with a higher prevalence of cervical or thoracolumbar intervertebral disc extrusion in French bulldogs

Economía, Sociedad y Procesos Hegemónicos en la Provincia de Misiones (ESOHE). 16H328

Actividades desarrolladas durante el período: Desde mediados de año se ha instalado un Taller Continuo que funciona los días viernes destinado a la puesta en común de información y la discusión de la marcha general del proyecto. El taller, se ha constituido en caja de resonancia de los avances y dificultades que se presentan y como el espacio donde se distribuyen tareas y responsabilices, se analizan las actividades y los aportes personales o de los integrantes de cada grupo responsable de alguna línea de investigación y se incorporan ideas y señalamientos. En este marco, se ha programado también un Ciclo de Lecturas teóricas y metodológicas que colaboran en la construcción de un lenguaje y una mirada común, necesaria para armonizar la labor de investigadores y becarios de postgrado con trayectorias disciplinares y experiencias muy disímiles; En la investigación sobre la historia económica de Misiones se ha avanzado en los siguientes puntos: Construcción de una periodización basada en ciclos económicos. Se trabaja en el reconocimiento y exploración de repositorios y fuentes escritas existentes a nivel local. exhaustivo relevamiento de las tesis de grado y postgrado, tanto en historia como en Antropología, existentes en las bibliotecas de la UNaM, referidas a temas empresariales y o al funcionamiento de las elites del poder. Se ha tomado contacto y accedido a ámbitos empresariales como las cámaras de la construcción, que en Misiones son 5, de PyMES y la Delegación Provincial de la Cámara Argentina de la Construcción que reúne a grandes empresas; Un grupo de investigadores y auxiliares del ESOHE está investigando los procesos de transformación del sistema educativo provincial (incluyendo tanto la componente pública como la privada), entendiendo que el sistema escolar es una de las instancias donde se socializa ideológicamente a la población y se promueven “sentidos de la realidad”; Entre las tareas en ejecución cabe mencionar: Lectura y fichaje de materia bibliográfico destinado a la actualización reajuste del encuadre teórico-metodológico. Identificación y caracterización de diferentes actores: funcionarios gubernamentales, empresas constructoras, e inmobiliarias, medios de comunicación, asociaciones civiles y otras organizaciones, grupos de interés y afectados por las obras que intervienen en la producción, disputa, apropiación y uso del espacio urbano en las ciudades de Encarnación y Posadas, Garupá y Candelaria. Elección y contacto de informantes calificados. Relevamiento de políticas y/o programas de intervención urbana a ambos lados de la frontera y sus procesos resultantes. Geo-referenciamiento de áreas de revalorización urbana, comerciales, de relegación y desplazamiento, así como de asentamientos precarios y zonas residenciales para sectores de alto poder adquisitivo. El trabajo realizado en esta primera etapa ha permitido avanzar en: Revisión bibliográfica; Redefinición del marco teórico de la investigación; Análisis de algunas relaciones concretas establecidas entre el estado y el sector civil organizado, en particular en el campo de las actividades económicas del tercer sector y en el marco de la implementación de planes y programas públicos; Análisis de las tensiones entre prácticas políticas y económicas que se desatan en el proceso de generación y funcionamiento de los emprendimientos productivos auto-gestionados y cooperativas de trabajo

Two-year outcomes in de novo renal transplant recipients receiving everolimus-facilitated calcineurin inhibitor reduction regimen from TRANSFORM study

TRANSFORM was a 24-month, prospective, open-label trial in 2037 de novo renal transplant recipients (RTxRs) randomized (1:1) within 24 hours of transplantation to receive everolimus (EVR) with reduced-exposure calcineurin inhibitor (EVR+rCNI) or mycophenolate with standard-exposure CNI (MPA+sCNI). Consistent with previously reported 12-month findings, noninferiority of the EVR+rCNI regimen for the primary endpoint of treated biopsy-proven acute rejection (tBPAR) or estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) <50 mL/min/1.73 m2 was achieved at Month 24 (47.9% vs 43.7%; difference = 4.2%; 95% confidence interval [CI] = -0.3, 8.7; P = 0.006). Mean eGFR was stable up to Month 24 (52.6 vs 54.9 mL/min/1.73m2 ) in both arms. The incidence of de novo donor-specific antibodies (dnDSA) was lower in the EVR+rCNI arm (12.3% vs 17.6%) among on-treatment patients. Although discontinuation rates due to adverse events were higher with EVR+rCNI (27.2% vs 15.0%), rates of cytomegalovirus (2.8% vs 13.5%) and BK virus (5.8% vs 10.3%) infections were lower. Cytomegalovirus infection rates were significantly lower with EVR+rCNI even in the D+/R- high-risk group (P<0.0001). In conclusion, the EVR+rCNI regimen offers comparable efficacy and graft function with low tBPAR and dnDSA rates and significantly lower incidence of viral infections relative to standard-of-care up to 24 months. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved

Nivolumab and sunitinib combination in advanced soft tissue sarcomas : A multicenter, single-arm, phase Ib/II trial

Sarcomas exhibit low expression of factors related to immune response, which could explain the modest activity of PD-1 inhibitors. A potential strategy to convert a cold into an inflamed microenvironment lies on a combination therapy. As tumor angiogenesis promotes immunosuppression, we designed a phase Ib/II trial to test the double inhibition of angiogenesis (sunitinib) and PD-1/PD-L1 axis (nivolumab). This single-arm, phase Ib/II trial enrolled adult patients with selected subtypes of sarcoma. Phase Ib established two dose levels: level 0 with sunitinib 37.5 mg daily from day 1, plus nivolumab 3 mg/kg intravenously on day 15, and then every 2 weeks; and level-1 with sunitinib 37.5 mg on the first 14 days (induction) and then 25 mg per day plus nivolumab on the same schedule. The primary endpoint was to determine the recommended dose for phase II (phase I) and the 6-month progression-free survival rate, according to Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors 1.1 (phase II). From May 2017 to April 2019, 68 patients were enrolled: 16 in phase Ib and 52 in phase II. The recommended dose of sunitinib for phase II was 37.5 mg as induction and then 25 mg in combination with nivolumab. After a median follow-up of 17 months (4-26), the 6-month progression-free survival rate was 48% (95% CI 41% to 55%). The most common grade 3-4 adverse events included transaminitis (17.3%) and neutropenia (11.5%). Sunitinib plus nivolumab is an active scheme with manageable toxicity in the treatment of selected patients with advanced soft tissue sarcoma, with almost half of patients free of progression at 6 months

Seroprevalence and Risk Factors Possibly Associated with Emerging Zoonotic Vaccinia Virus in a Farming Community, Colombia

In 2014, vaccinia virus (VACV) infections were identified among farmworkers in Caquetá Department, Colombia; additional cases were identified in Cundinamarca Department in 2015. VACV, an orthopoxvirus (OPXV) used in the smallpox vaccine, has caused sporadic bovine and human outbreaks in countries such as Brazil and India. In response to the emergence of this disease in Colombia, we surveyed and collected blood from 134 farmworkers and household members from 56 farms in Cundinamarca Department. We tested serum samples for OPXV antibodies and correlated risk factors with seropositivity by using multivariate analyses. Fifty-two percent of farmworkers had OPXV antibodies; this percentage decreased to 31% when we excluded persons who would have been eligible for smallpox vaccination. The major risk factors for seropositivity were municipality, age, smallpox vaccination scar, duration of time working on a farm, and animals having vaccinia-like lesions. This investigation provides evidence for possible emergence of VACV as a zoonosis in South America.https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0000318507https://scholar.google.com.co/citations?user=cU2KyT4AAAAJ&hl=enhttps://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/gruplac/jsp/visualiza/visualizagr.jsp?nro=00000000008981https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8093-054