Política geral do governo

POLÍTICA EXTERNA: Integração Europeia-Moeda Única; A questão do Alargamento; Portugal e a Conferencia Intergovernamental; Ligação Euro-Atlântica Forças Armadas Portuguesas; Administração Interna e Justiça. COMPETITIVIDADE ECONÓMICA: Prioridade à Educação; Combate à Burocracia; Emprego e Crescimento. AS GRANDES REFORMAS: A Reforma do Sistema Político; A Reforma do Estado e da Administração; A Reforma Fiscal; A Reforma do Estado-Providência ou Estado do Bem-Estar

Enforcing Environmental Policy – the role of the European Union

The concerns regarding climate change are on the top of government agendas worldwide, and a global response is urgently required given the climate events that countries all over the world are facing. The European Union (EU) is at the forefront, assuming the leadership in environmental policy with several legal initiatives underway, which have culminated in the promulgation of the European Climate Law and the presentation of the proposed Directive of a Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM). Nonetheless, the EU struggles with difficulties regarding the effectiveness of legal measures, in particular carbon leakage problems. Carbon leakage problems prevail globally as production shifts to countries with less stringent climate regulations, avoiding costs in countries with high emission charges. A resolution regarding the implementation of the CBAM was passed by the European Parliament in March 2021. On the 14th of July 2021, the EU presented 13 policy measures aiming to reduce its GHG emissions by 55% by 2030. On the 22nd of June 2022 the European Parliament voted to adopt the regulation about CBAM. As the EU has played a unique and strong role in climate policy enforcement, the aim of this article is to present this policy option, in the light of the oncoming CBAM. Therefore, the ‘EU climate club’ is imposing coercive environmental tax policies on other countries

Making Migration Work for All

The report is the Secretary-General's contribution to the process of developing the Global Compact for Migration. It is his vision for constructive international cooperation on migration. The report focuses on making migration work for all, emphasizing its links to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. It highlights options for Member States to help migrants fulfil their economic and social potential; offers steps to promote regular migration; and recommends policies to meet legitimate security considerations of Member States concerning irregular migration. It also explores the specific challenges arising from large mixed movements of migrants and refugees

Metal oxides of resistive memories investigated by electron and ion backscattering

The memristor is one of the most promising devices being studied for multiple uses in future electronic systems, with applications ranging from nonvolatile memories to artificial neural networks. Its working is based on the forming and rupturing of nano-scaled conductive filaments, which drastically alters the device’s resistance. These filaments are formed by oxygen vacancy accumulation, hence a deep understanding of the self-diffusion of oxygen in these systems is necessary. Accurate measurements of oxygen self-diffusion on metal oxides was achieved with the development of a quantitative analysis of the energy spectrum of the backscattering of electrons. The novel technique called Electron Rutherford Backscattering Spectroscopy (ERBS) uses the scattering of high energy electrons ( 40 keV) to probe the sample’s near surface (10–100 nm). Measurements of the high energy loss region – called Reflection High-Energy Electron Loss Spectroscopy (RHEELS) – also exhibit characteristics of the material’s electronic structure. A careful procedure was developed for the fitting of ERBS spectra, which was then applied on the analysis of multi-layered samples of Si3N4/TiO2, and measurements of the band gap of common oxides, such as SiO2, CaCO3 and Li2CO3. Monte Carlo simulations were employed to study the effects of multiple elastic scatterings in ERBS spectra, and a dielectric function description of inelastic scatterings extended the simulation to also consider the plasmon excitation peaks observed in RHEELS. These analysis tools were integrated into a package named PowerInteraction. With its use, a series of measurements of oxygen self-diffusion in TiO2 were conducted. The samples were composed of two sputtered deposited TiO2 layers, one of which was enriched with the 18 mass oxygen isotope. After thermal annealing, diffusion profiles were obtained by tracking the relative concentration of oxygen isotopes in both films. From the logarithmic temperature dependence of the diffusion coefficients, an activation energy of 1.05 eV for oxygen self-diffusion in TiO2 was obtained. Common ion beam analysis, such as RBS and NRA/NRP (Nuclear Reaction Analysis/Profiling), were also used to provide complementary information.O memristor é um dos dispositivos mais promissores sendo estudados para múltiplos usos em sistemas eletrônicos, com aplicações desde memórias não voláteis a redes neurais artificiais. Seu funcionamento é baseado na formação e ruptura de filamentos condutores nanométricos, o que altera drasticamente a resistência do dispositivo. Estes filamentos são formados pela acumulação de vacâncias de oxigênio, portanto um profundo entendimento da autodifusão de oxigênio nestes sistemas é necessário. Medidas acuradas da difusão em óxidos metálicos foi obtida com o desenvolvimento de uma análise quantitativa do espectro em energia de elétrons retroespalhados. A inovadora técnica de RBS de elétrons (ERBS) utiliza elétrons de alta energia ( 40 keV) para investigar a região próxima a superfície (10–100 nm). Medidas da região de alta perda de energia – chamada de Spectroscopia de Perda de Alta-Energia de Elétrons Refletidos (RHEELS) – também exibe características da estrutura eletrônica dos materiais. Um procedimento cuidadoso para o ajuste de espectros de ERBS foi desenvolvido, e então aplicado na análise de amostras multi camada de Si3N4/TiO2, e medidas de band gap de alguns óxidos, como SiO2, CaCO3 e Li2CO3. Simulações de Monte Carlo foram empregadas no estudo dos efeitos de espalhamento múltiplo nos espectros de ERBS, e uma descrição dielétrica dos espalhamentos inelásticos extendeu as simulação para também considerarem os picos de exitação plasmônica observados em RHEELS. Estas ferramentas de análise foram integradas em um pacote chamado PowerInteraction. Com o uso deste, uma série de medidas de autodifusão de oxigênio em TiO2 foram conduzidas. As amostras eram compostas por dois filmes de TiO2 depositados por sputtering, um dos quais enriquecido com isótopo 18 de oxigênio. Após tratamentos térmicos, perfis de difusão foram obtidos pelo rastreio das concentrações relativas dos isótopos de oxigênio nos dois filmes. Do comportamento logarítmico dos coeficientes de difusão em relação à temperatura, uma energia de ativação de 1.05 eV para a autodifusão de oxigênio em TiO2 foi obtida. Análises por feixes de íons, como RBS e NRA/NRP (Análise/Perfilometria por Reação Nuclear), também forneceram informações complementares

Implementing sustainable EdTech projects in Small Island Developing states: Strategies, challenges and reflections

This paper discusses issues involved in trying to make foreign aid-funded education technology (EdTech) projects sustainable in the context of Small Island Developing States. Using two EdTech projects, the paper shares the authors’ experiences in working towards sustainability by involving local stakeholders through collaborative design and implementation processes and other strategies. The paper also highlights challenges faced and how they were overcome, such as by changes in local ministry staff and restrictions on travel during the coronavirus pandemic. The strategies, lessons and recommendations shared in the paper are intended to assist other practitioners in the area and contribute to collaborative learning through sharing practitioner experiences. While designing a foreign aid-funded project that is sustainable is not easy, this paper concludes that by sharing experiences and working collaboratively with local stakeholders, project teams can develop successful strategies to enhance sustainability

A apropriação de imagens de arquivo na obra de Harun Farocki e Péter Forgács

This paper aims to discuss the use of archival and found footage as aprocedure whose objective is to stand out aesthetical and discursive singularities thatmisplace images original senses and create new senses for them. For this purpose, someaspects of the filmography of Harun Farocki and Péter Forgács will be analyzed. These twoartists have been adopting this gesture of appropriation, causing the re-signification of theoriginal meanings of the images.Keywords