The cosmos today and tomorrow

The book ""Tested on Oneself'' is summarized and reviewed. Topics in the field of space flight and aerospace medicine are addressed

Структурные сдвиги профессиональной подготовки студентов высшего образования в России

The article provides a statistical analysis of the dynamics and structure of professional training of higher education students. The main goal of the work is to identify the conformity of degrees of university graduates with the needs of the modern labor market. The empirical base of the study was compiled according to official statistics in Russia for 2013-2018. During the period under review, there was a 3.19% decrease in students studying under the Bachelor's degree program, while the number of long first degree students decreased by a factor of 3.39, and the number of students studying under Master's degree programs, in contrast, increased by a factor of 2.85. There is a tendency to reduce the share of accepted applications for university admission from the total number of applications submitted for all study programs, with the exception of Master's degree programs. The results obtained indicate that professions, which are popular with university students, are not in high demand in the modern labor market. Holders of a Bachelor's degree preferred mainly the humanitarian professions (related to Law, Economics, and Pedagogy). However, the related study programs are characterized by an overdemand and a high level of competition. Structural changes in the Bachelor's and Master's degree programs have occurred in terms of increasing the share of academic and engineering programs. The calculations made it possible to trace the progressive change in the structure of student training under the long first degree programs towards the growth of the medical direction. A reduction in the primary link of the long first degree is due to its transformation to the basic form of Bachelor training.El artículo da un análisis estadístico de la dinámica y la estructura de la formación profesional de los estudiantes en la educación superior.  El objetivo principal del trabajo es identificar las necesidades especiales de los graduados pertinentes del mercado de trabajo moderno. La base empírica de la investigación se realiza de acuerdo con las estadísticas oficiales en Rusia en 2013-2018. Durante el período bajo revision se produjo una disminución de los estudiantes en un programa de pregrado en el 3.19%, mientras que el número de estudiantes especialidades disminuyó 3.39 veces, mientras que el número de estudiantes en el programa de maestría, en contraste, aumentó en 2.85 veces. Hay una tendencia a la reducción de la proporción de solicitudes aceptadas para la admisión universitaria del número total de solicitudes presentadas para todos los programas de estudio, con la excepción del programa de maestría. Los resultados indican que las ocupaciones que son populares entre los estudiantes universitarios no tienen una gran demanda en el mercado laboral moderno. Los graduados de pregrado preferían principalmente las profesiones humanitarias (legales, económicas, pedagógicas), pero es sobre ellas que hay un exceso y un alto nivel de competencia. Los cambios estructurales en el plan de estudios de los programas de pregrado y maestría han tenido lugar en términos de aumentar la participación de las pedagógicas y la educación en ingeniería. Los cálculos permitieron seguir el cambio progresivo en el programa de preparación de los estudiantes de acuerdo con el programa de formación profesional hacia el crecimiento del campo de la medicina. La reducción en las profesionales de atención primaria debido a su cambio en la forma básica de la formación como estudiante.В статье проведен статистический анализ динамики и структуры профессиональной подготовки студентов высшего образования. Основной целью работы является выявление соответствия специальностей выпускников вузов потребностям современного рынка труда. Эмпирическая база исследования составлена по данным официальной статистики в России за 2013-2018 гг. За рассматриваемый период произошло сокращение обучающихся по программе бакалавриата на 3,19 %, при этом численность студентов специалитета снизилась в 3,39 раз, а численность студентов по программе магистратуры, напротив, выросла в 2,85 раза. Наблюдается тенденция сокращения доли принятых заявлений о поступлении вузы из общего числа поданных заявлений по всем программам обучения, за исключением магистратуры. Полученные результаты свидетельствуют о том, что профессии, которые популярны у студентов вузов, не достаточно востребованы на современном рынке труда. Выпускники бакалавриата предпочитали преимущественно гуманитарные профессии (юридические, экономические, педагогические), но именно по ним наблюдается перенасыщение и высокий уровень конкуренции. Структурные сдвиги в программе обучения бакалавриата и магистратуры произошли в части увеличения доли педагогического и инженерно-технического образования. Проведенные расчеты позволили проследить поступательное изменение структуры подготовки студентов по программе обучения специалитета в сторону роста медицинского направления. сокращение по первичному звену специалитета объясняется его сменой на базовую форму подготовки в качестве бакалавриата

J0811+4730: the most metal-poor star-forming dwarf galaxy known

We report the discovery of the most metal-poor dwarf star-forming galaxy (SFG) known to date, J0811+4730. This galaxy, at a redshift z=0.04444, has a Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) g-band absolute magnitude M_g = -15.41 mag. It was selected by inspecting the spectroscopic data base in the Data Release 13 (DR13) of the SDSS. LBT/MODS spectroscopic observations reveal its oxygen abundance to be 12 + log O/H = 6.98 +/- 0.02, the lowest ever observed for a SFG. J0811+4730 strongly deviates from the main-sequence defined by SFGs in the emission-line diagnostic diagrams and the metallicity - luminosity diagram. These differences are caused mainly by the extremely low oxygen abundance in J0811$+$4730, which is ~10 times lower than that in main-sequence SFGs with similar luminosities. By fitting the spectral energy distributions of the SDSS and LBT spectra, we derive a stellar mass of M* = 10^6.24 - 10^6.29 Msun (statistical uncertainties only), and we find that a considerable fraction of the galaxy stellar mass was formed during the most recent burst of star formation.Comment: 12 pages, 5 figures, accepted for publication in MNRA

Dust emission in star-forming dwarf galaxies: General properties and the nature of the sub-mm excess

We studied the global characteristics of dust emission in a large sample of emission-line star-forming galaxies. The sample consists of two subsamples. One subsample (SDSS sample) includes ~4000 compact star-forming galaxies from the SDSS, which were also detected in all four bands at 3.4, 4.6, 12, and 22 mum of the WISE all-sky survey. The second subsample (Herschel sample) is a sample of 28 compact star-forming galaxies observed with Herschel in the FIR range. Data of the Herschel sample were supplemented by the photometric data from the Spitzer observations, GALEX, SDSS, WISE, 2MASS, NVSS, and FIRST surveys, as well as optical and Spitzer spectra and data in sub-mm and radio ranges. It is found that warm dust luminosities of galaxies from the SDSS sample and cold and warm dust luminosities of galaxies from the Herschel sample are strongly correlated with Hbeta luminosities, which implies that one of the main sources of dust heating in star-forming galaxies is ionising UV radiation of young stars. Using the relation between warm and cold dust masses for estimating the total dust mass in star-forming galaxies with an accuracy better than ~0.5 dex is proposed. On the other hand, it is shown for both samples that dust temperatures do not depend on the metallicities. The dust-to-neutral gas mass ratio strongly declines with decreasing metallicity, similar to that found in other studies of local emission-line galaxies, high-redshift GRB hosts, and DLAs. On the other hand, the dust-to-ionised gas mass ratio is about one hundred times as high implying that most of dust is located in the neutral gas. It is found that thermal free-free emission of ionised gas in compact star-forming galaxies might be responsible for the sub-mm emission excess. This effect is stronger in galaxies with lower metallicities and is also positively affected by an increased star-formation rate.Comment: 22 pages, 15 figures, accepted for publication in Astronomy and Astrophysic

Econometric Study of the Dynamics of Foreign Direct Investment in Russia

Foreign investment is of high importance for economic growth in Russia. The problem of enhancing investment flows makes it increasingly relevant to search for effective tools for stimulating investment activity. We attempt to identify the factors affecting the dynamics of foreign direct investment (FDI). The paper analyses the current state of foreign direct investment in the Russian economy. Using empirical data for 2001–2018, we construct an econometric model for Russia which considers such factors as inflation (the Consumer Price Index), the exchange rate and imports. The results of the model’s testing do not confirm the initial assumptions that inflation exerts a more profound effect on FDI than the exchange rate and that there is a correlation between these indicators. For Russia, the dependence of FDI on the exchange rate remains insignificant; in addition, we find a direct relationship between the indicators. According to the model, the impact of inflation (direct relationship) and the volume of imports (inverse relationship) are of greater significance. It is noteworthy that the dynamics of foreign direct investment is partially due to its fluctuations with a time lag. The model forecasts that from 2019 to 2024 Russia is expected to experience a rise in FDI net outflows. The findings indicate that in order to attract foreign direct investment, it is necessary to implement economic transformations that will improve the business environment and lead to the development of healthy competition

Kharkiv region of Ukraine in the aspect of a polycentric development model

This article is devoted to the analysis of a model of regional development of Kharkiv region of Ukraine, which is monocentric, and the rationale for the formation of polycentrism in the region. The city of Kharkiv and urban areas as centers of growth in the region are considered in the articl