Formation of the microstructure of rapidly solidified alloys for the system Sn-Bi

The results of microstructural study of rapidly solidified Sn-Bi alloys obtained at the melt cooling rate of 105 K/s with the compositions of Sn-X wt. % Bi (X = 13, 20, 30, 43) are presented. Microstructural studies are carried out using scanning electron microscopy; a grain structure is analyzed by an electron backscatter diffraction technique. It is found out that the crystallization of all investigated alloys proceeds by a chemically partionless mechanism which results in the formation of a supersaturated solid solution of bismuth in a tin lattice with the original composition. Observations of the solid solution decomposition process at room temperature shows that decomposition proceeds by both continuous and discontinuous mechanisms in alloys with bismuth concentration not higher than the limit of solubility of bismuth in a tin (20 wt. %). Needle-like coherent bismuth inclusions are formed in the volume of a tin grain as a result of continuous decomposition. Discontinuous decomposition rate increases with the increasing concentration of bismuth in the alloy. In hipoeutectic alloys with bismuth concentration higher than the solubility limit, decomposition occurs by discontinuous mechanism. Complete decomposition proceeds by several stages and results in formation of areas with different degrees of microstructure fineness

Vascular Smooth Muscle as an Oxygen Sensor: Role of Elevation of the [Na+]i/[K+]i

The article presents a review of data from our own research and data obtained by other authors about the role of intracellular sodium (Nai+) and potassium (Ki+) in transcriptomic changes in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) during hypoxia. It was found that acute hypoxia suppressed [K+]o and phenylephrine-induced contractions of aortic rings through voltage-gated as well as by Cai2+- and ATP-sensitive K+ channels; 24-h incubation of VSMC in ischemic conditions resulted in attenuation of ATP content, elevation of [Na+]i and loss of [K+]i. Dissipation of Na+ and K+ gradients in low-Na+, high-K+ medium completely eliminated increment in Fos, Atf3, Ptgs2 and Per2 mRNAs and sharply diminished augmentation of Klf10, Edn1, Nr4a1 and Hes1 expression evoked by hypoxia. All these data suggest that Nai+/Ki+-mediated signaling contribute to transcriptomic changes in VSMC subjected to sustained hypoxia

СИСТЕМНАЯ ОЦЕНКА НАУЧНО-МЕТОДЧЕСКИХ МАТЕРИАЛОВ ПО ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОМУ РЕГУЛИРОВАНИЮ ПРОДОВОЛЬСТВЕННОЙ БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ

One of the priority aims of the world community is food security. Analysis of global problems shows the long-term persistence of shortage in agricultural raw materials and food, exacerbated by unfavorable situation in the world market, the impact of globalization, political, social, economic and military crises. Reserves for increasing agricultural production are limited, and further intensification leads to decrease in quality and threats environmental safety. It becomes increasingly difficult for the agrarian food systems of countries and regions to provide population with sufficient quantities of safe and nutrition valuable food products, which is the reason for the large amount of various forms of malnutrition. The article presents assessment of research and methodological materials of economic regulation of food security. The most important for the practice of Belarus mechanisms, forms and tools for ensuring food security, used in developed countries are established. Classification of criteria and indicators of food security has been performed by a number of traits: the unity of definition, the simplicity of calculation, availability of the initial information in official statistics, etc. The main criteria have been highlighted, as well additional indicators have been formulated. A model of food safety regulation is developed based on comprehensive assessment of five spheres of management: the sphere of production of initial agricultural products; the sphere of production of finished food; the sphere of state management of agro-food complex; the sphere of material and technical (resource) support of agro-industrial complex; the sphere of market products turnover and consumption. The following measures for sustainable food security are identified as key measures: implementation of research and technological progress achievements, transfer of innovations and development of the national agrarian science.Одной из приоритетных задач мирового сообщества является защищенность в продовольственной сфере. Анализ глобальных проблем свидетельствует о сохранении в долгосрочной перспективе дефицита ресурсов сельскохозяйственного сырья и продовольствия, который усугубляется неблагоприятной конъюнктурой мирового рынка, влиянием процессов глобализации, политических, социальных, экономических и военных кризисов. Резервы наращивания сельскохозяйственного производства ограничены, а дальнейшая интенсификация ведет к снижению качества и угрозам экологической безопасности. Агропродовольственным системам стран и регионов становится все сложнее обеспечивать население достаточными по количеству, безопасными и богатыми питательными веществами пищевыми продуктами, что является причиной масштабного проявления различных форм неполноценного питания. В статье представлена оценка научно-методических материалов по экономическому регулированию продовольственной безопасности. Выявлены наиболее значимые для практики Беларуси механизмы, формы и инструменты обеспечения продовольственной безопасности, применяемые в развитых странах. Выполнена классификация критериев и показателей продовольственной безопасности по ряду признаков: единство определения, простота расчета, наличие в официальной статистике исходной информации и др. Выделены основные критерии, а также сформулированы дополнительные показатели. Разработана модель регулирования продовольственной безопасности, основанная на комплексной оценки пяти сфер хозяйствования и управления: сфера производства исходной сельскохозяйственной продукции; сфера производства готового продовольствия; сфера государственного управления агропродовольственным комплексом; сфера материально-технического (ресурсного) обеспечения АПК; сфера рыночного товарооборота и потребления. В качестве ключевых мер по устойчивому обеспечению продовольственной безопасности выделены: внедрение достижений научно-технического прогресса, трансфер инноваций, развитие национальной аграрной науки.

Issues of financial assurance of economy greening in the regions

The relevance of the analyzed issue is caused by the need to internalize environmental externalities in the modern world. The purpose of the article is to examine the issue of financial support of the green economy using the example of the regions included in the Volga Federal District (VFD). The leading methods to the study of this issue is a comparative analysis of environmental taxes and charges in Russia and countries of the European Union (EU) and the analysis of environmental problems in the regions of the Volga Federal District, which allow identifying the shortcomings of the existing environmental payment system and proposing measures to modernize the system of financial support of the green economy. The key shortcomings of the existing environmental payment system: low rates of environmental payments; the inappropriate use of funds received from environmental payments; concentration of 97% of revenues from environmental payments in the federal budget. The contents of the article may be helpful for public authorities of general and special competence to develop the principal directions of environmental policy and plan activities aimed at improving the green economy. © 2016 Shekhova et al

Incentives for independent anti-corruption experts of normative legal acts and their projects

The article is devoted to the problem of incentives for independent anti-corruption experts conducting examination of normative legal acts and their project